抗性黑松接种松材线虫后的组织病理学变化

用松材线虫接种l年生抗病和感病黑松苗,比较线虫侵染后引起寄主细胞和组织的变化.结果表明:接种后相同时间的茎段上抗病黑松细胞的病交及破坏程度要比感病松苗轻.感病黑松苗皮层树脂道及其周围薄壁细胞较早出现可见的病理变化,木质部最外层病变也明显.抗病黑松首先在皮层薄壁细胞出现可见的病理变化,然后发生变性和死亡的是树脂道及其周围薄壁细胞,而木质部最外层完好.可见,松材线虫诱导寄主组织病理学变化与松苗抗性相关.     

不同线虫在黑松体内的扩展速度与致病性

分别用强、弱致病力松材线虫和无致病力拟松材线虫接种2年生黑松苗.观察结果表明:强致病力松材线虫在黑松体内扩散速度较快,4 d针叶开始发黄,7d松苗新梢开始萎蔫下垂,10 d松苗萎蔫,线虫在松苗体内大量繁殖,超过接种时的线虫数;弱致病力松材线虫在黑松体内扩散速度较慢,7 d针叶出现发黄的迹象,15 d新梢开始蒌蔫,25 d松苗整株萎蔫,线虫数量开始增加,超过接种时的线虫数;无致病力拟松材线虫接种后7 d仅在树梢分离到少量线虫,梢部部分针叶发黄,之后线虫基本未繁殖,25 d松苗体内已分离不到线虫,梢部针叶症状未加剧,松苗生长与对照类似.因此,黑松感染线虫后,是否发病与线虫能否在松苗体内存活有关,发病速度快慢与线虫在松苗体内扩散速度及能否大量繁殖有直接关系.     

不同致病力线虫侵染后黑松的水势和根系活力的变化

分别用强、弱致病力松材线虫虫株和无致病力拟松材线虫虫株接种2年生黑松,观测接种后不同时间段黑松茎段水势和根系活力变化情况。结果表明：接种强、弱致病性松材线虫虫株后,在未表现出明显症状时,黑松水势都有一个降低然后回升的过程,但当树体内线虫开始大量繁殖、外部表现萎蔫症状时,黑松水势发生不可逆转的急速降低,松树死亡,强致病性松材线虫虫株比弱致病性松材线虫虫株导致黑松茎水势丧失速度快。接种无致病力拟松材线虫后,开始黑松水势下降,然后缓慢回升接近正常水势,随着线虫的死亡,树体水势恢复正常。接种3种线虫虫株后,黑松根系活力随着线虫的侵入都有一个升高的过程,接种强、弱致病力松材线虫虫株后,黑松出现萎蔫时,根系活力虽然有所下降,但仍然保持较好的根系活力,直到松树干枯后根系活力才丧失,这与干旱胁迫下,植物首先丧失根系活力然后表现萎蔫不同;接种无致病力拟松材线虫后,随着拟松材线虫在黑松体内的死亡,黑松的根系活力在升高后逐渐恢复正常。     

黑松与松材线虫和拟松材线虫互作早期超氧自由基研究

为探讨黑松受不同毒力松材线虫与无毒拟松材线虫侵染后,超氧自由基(O2.-)在互作早期对松材线虫病发生发展的作用,采用2年生黑松接种强毒、弱毒松材线虫与无毒拟松材线虫,于接种后4、12、24、48、72、96、120 h对受侵染黑松的茎干和针叶取样测定。结果表明:黑松受不同毒力供试线虫侵染后体内O2.-和SOD活性变化差异显著。接种后12 h,松树茎、叶中的O2.-均出现第1次突增,茎部突增的强度与供试线虫毒力呈负相关,在针叶内O2.-出现第2次突增,且无毒拟松材线虫处理(48 h)的启动时间早于强毒松材线虫(72 h)的。SOD活性在接种无毒拟松材线虫的松树茎、叶中出现两次突增,而接种强毒松材线虫的处理仅出现1次突增。3种处理黑松茎、叶的Mn-SOD含量在24 h后第1次突增,且接种无毒拟松材线虫的高于接种强毒松材线虫的。O2.-与SOD的变化趋势在一定程度上呈正相关关系,但SOD的特异变化滞后于O2.-的变化。由此可见,超氧自由基可能是松树受松材线虫侵染后进行信号转导的重要桥梁物质。     

两株我国南北松材线虫虫株形态指标与致病力比较

【目的】松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)是世界多国公认的重大外来入侵物种,可引起松树大量死亡。目前,该虫已扩散至我国辽宁省的多个区县,打破了松材线虫最适温度线。通过对不同地理来源的两株松材线虫虫株的比较研究,试图阐释松材线虫向我国北方快速扩散的原因。【方法】通过比较我国南方松材线虫虫株AMA3和北方松材线虫虫株FCBX的形态指标值、不同温度条件下在灰葡萄孢培养基上的繁殖力,进而测定两虫株对黑松的致病力以及在黑松体内的繁殖量差异,解析松材线虫在我国北方地区的适应性。【结果】虫株AMA3和FCBX在形态学特征上无显著差异,均在伞滑刃属线虫测量范围之内;在15~35 ℃范围内,北方虫株FCBX和南方虫株AMA3在灰葡萄孢培养基上,随着温度的升高,繁殖量逐步增加。且FCBX虫株的繁殖数量除在30 ℃条件下稍低外,在其他温度条件下繁殖量均高于AMA3的繁殖数量。在低温(15~20 ℃)条件下,FCBX虫株的繁殖数量远高于AMA3虫株,差异显著;接种AMA3和FCBX后,黑松感病程度具有差异,FCBX相对于AMA3的致病力更强。在接种35 d后,FCBX的对黑松死亡率达到80%,感病指数为85;而AMA3对黑松的死亡率为60%,感病指数为73;接种35 d后,FCBX在黑松体内的繁殖数量大于AMA3虫株,但差异不显著。【结论】与南方虫株AMA3相比,北方虫株FCBX在灰葡萄孢上的繁殖能力、黑松体内的繁殖数量、对黑松的致病力等方面更强。松材线虫已突破最适温度线,在北移过程中经过了低温驯化,在低温条件下具有更强的繁殖能力和对低温的适应性。     

中日两国的松材线虫对雪松的致病力差异

分别用日本和中国南京来源的松材线虫在室外苗圃地接种3年生雪松和黑松,发现源自两地的松材线虫对黑松都具有很强的致病力,但对雪松致病力差异较大.日本来源的松材线虫可致70%雪松枯死,而中国来源的松材线虫对雪松致病力很弱;同时发现松材线虫在所接种黑松中的存活繁殖数量远大于在雪松中的数量.此外笔者对雪松感染松材线虫后发病的症状进行了描述.     

不同毒力松材线虫杂交后代的繁殖力和致病力的比较

为了解松材线虫致病力及繁殖力的遗传变异规律,以松材线虫强毒虫株及弱毒虫株为亲本进行杂交试验,并对杂交后代的繁殖力和致病力进行比较。结果表明:不同亲本间杂交成功率不同,同一对亲本的正交、反交成功率亦不同。大多数杂交后代群体在灰葡萄孢上和马尾松苗体内的繁殖力与亲本之间差异显著。杂交后代群体及强毒亲本接种马尾松5周后的致萎蔫率达90%~100%,而弱毒亲本接种的植株在10周后仅20%出现轻微的萎蔫症状。统计分析表明,松材线虫致病力与其在树体内的繁殖力间存在中等程度的正相关性,与灰葡萄孢上的繁殖力相关性较弱。聚类分析表明,不同毒力松材线虫杂交后代群体的致病力与繁殖力之间没有亲缘关系偏向,繁殖力与致病力不存在伴性遗传。     

松材线虫携带细菌的致病性

用松材线虫携带的3种细菌（菌株Njh,菌株Njt和菌株Njw)和2种线虫（松材线虫和拟松材线虫）为接种体，以黑松愈伤组织和黑松无菌苗为接种对象，分别用无菌线虫单独接种，细菌单独接种，细菌和无菌松材线虫混合接种，细菌和无菌的拟松材线虫混合接种等，测定对黑松愈伤组织和黑松无菌苗的致病能力，接种试验结果表明，单独用无菌松材线虫或松松材线虫接种，均不能使黑松愈伤组织褐变和无菌黑松苗枯萎，而用无菌线虫与上述3种细菌分别混合接种均能使黑松无菌苗发生枯萎及愈伤组织严重褐变，其中线虫和菌株Njh，线虫和菌株Njt致萎活性很强，线虫和菌株Njw致萎活性较弱，在自然界致病力弱的拟松材线虫与细菌混合接种同样能引起松苗严重萎蔫及愈伤组织褐变，实验室条件下，人工接种幼苗病害的发生与松材线虫携带的细菌密切相关，而与线虫的在关系不大，松材线虫所携带的细菌在这一病害过程中起至关重要的作用。     

不同真菌对松材线虫繁殖及致病力的影响

利用3年生黑松为接种材料,研究在9种不同真菌上取食的松材线虫的繁殖和致病力变化。结果表明,真菌对松材线虫的繁殖和致病力有显著影响。松材线虫在9种真菌上取食后,松材线虫繁殖力和致病力从大到小而依存的真菌依次为灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)、拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis sp.)、盘多毛孢(Pestalotia sp.) 、拟茎点霉(Phomopsis sp.)、茎点霉(Phoma sp.)、头孢菌(Cephalosporium sp.)、交链孢(Alternaria sp.) 、炭疽菌(Colletotrichum sp.)、长喙壳(Ceratocystis sp.)。实验表明松材线虫的繁殖力与其致病力变化相一致。     

松材线虫在抗性黑松体内移动及寄主水势变化

以接种松材线虫的1年生抗性黑松苗为实验材料,用感病黑松苗作对照来研究松材线虫在抗性黑松体内的移动及寄主水势变化.结果表明:接种初期,松材线虫在树体内的数量少,移动速度慢;在抗病黑松体内,线虫主要向下移动,且虫体数量明显少于在感病黑松体内的数量;在感病黑松体内线虫自接种点向上、下移动,且向下移动的速度和虫体数量明显大于向上的.随着时间的推移,线虫开始繁殖,扩散能力增强.水势测定结果显示,感、抗病黑松水势变化总趋势是先上升后下降再上升.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-