生态学自然实验、传统实验以及观察的比较

 阐述了生态学中自然实验的内涵、分类、作用，并将自然实验与传统实验和观察进行了比较，分析了它们之间的异同。自然实验利用自然发生的干扰或他人引起的干扰作为处理，并遵循费希尔的实验设计，因此，既非传统意义上的观察，又与传统实验有所区别，可称之为介于主动观察和传统实验之间的一种准实验。同时，观察与实验之间并非截然的二分，而是按照有无干涉、干涉施加者、有无实验设计形成了一个连续的系列，即被动观察、主动观察、自然实验和传统实验。

Comparison of ecological natural experiments,traditional experiments and observations

The meaning, classification, and function of natural experiment are illustrated. Natural experiment is compared with traditional experiment and observation, and their similarities and differences are analyzed. Natural experiment utilizes naturally occurring interference or interference caused by others such as treatments, and follows the experimental design of R. A. Fisher. Therefore, natural experiment is not observation in the sense of traditional experiment, is different from the traditional experiment, and is a kind of quasi-experimental between traditional experiment and active observation. At the same time, there is no complete dichotomy between observation and experiment, but there is a continuous series, namely passive observation, active observation, natural experiment, and traditional experiment according to presence or absence of interference, the interference imposer, and the availability of experimental design.