牦牛繁殖科学研究进展

主要分析总结了近五年来牦牛繁殖科学在生殖内分泌调节机制、诱导发情与同期发情、超数排卵、牦牛及牦牛与普通牛体外受精、牦牛与普通牛异种体细胞核移植等方面的研究进展和存在的问题,并提出了如何将这些研究进展应用到牦牛生产中以提高牦牛业的经济效益以及进一步开展牦牛繁殖科学研究的思路.     

The endogenous regulation of mosquito reproductive behavior

Summary Most female mosquitoes require a meal of blood that provides protein for egg maturation. For reproduction to occur, two behavioral sequences are essential. One is concerned with finding a host for the blood meal and the other in finding a site on which to lay the eggs that result. Stimuli from both hosts and oviposition sites initiate the reproductive behaviors of host-seeking and pre-oviposition, respectively, that are discussed in this review. After sensory receptors perceive these stimuli, the central nervous system must integrate the information and associate it with a biologically appropriate response. Host-seeking appears to be the default behavior, expressed whenever host stimuli are present. However, if the female is successful in locating a host and ingesting blood, subsequent host-seeking is inhibited when the meal distends the abdomen above a certain threshold. Host-seeking inhibition continues during egg development as a result of a humoral mechanism even after the blood volume has been reduced by digestion. At the time when eggs are maturing and host-seeking is inhibited, pre-oviposition behavior predominates if the central nervous system receives oviposition site stimuli. This behavior is also initiated by a humoral factor. Several physiological states, including insemination, age, and nutrition, can modulate both host-seeking and pre-oviposition behaviors.     

从罕见内分泌疾病研究看精准内分泌学的发展

 罕见病指患病率低于7/10000的疾病,是精准医学研究的重要生物学模板和理想平台。多发性内分泌腺瘤综合征（MEN）、新生儿糖尿病、库欣氏综合征、先天性瘦素缺乏症等多种罕见内分泌疾病研究都反映了精准医学在内分泌领域的作用。在此基础上,本文进一步概括精准内分泌学的发展方向,在骨质疏松症、糖尿病、肥胖等内分泌疾病中应用精准医学,有助于对个体发病风险进行评估和预防,对复杂疾病进行精确诊断及分型,对疾病进行个体化治疗。此外,医学信息学在精准内分泌学领域的应用不仅可推动大数据平台建设,也提供了针对多因素复杂内分泌疾病的诊疗新思路。随着分子生物学技术的发展,建立罕见内分泌疾病的基因型和表型大数据平台,对于实现罕见内分泌疾病的精准诊疗具有重要意义。     

Reversible juvenile hormone inhibition of ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone synthesis by the ring gland ofDrosophila melanogaster

Juvenile hormone bisepoxide (JHB₃) and juvenile hormone III (JH III) both inhibited the in vitro production of ecdysteroids by ring glands and brain-ring gland complexes from third instar post-feeding larvae ofDrosophila melanogaster in a reversible manner, although JHB₃ had greater efficacy. The JH III and JHB₃ precursor, methyl farnesoate, did not affect ecdysteroid production. The in vitro synthesis of total detectable JH (JHB₃+JH III+methyl farnesoate) by the corpus allatum portion of the isolated ring gland was also inhibited reversibly in the presence of exogenous JHB₃ and JH III, but not by methyl farnesoate. These data indicating negative feedback are in agreement with the accepted dogma of endocrine gland regulation.     

Molecular and structural effects of inverse agonistic mutations on signaling of the thyrotropin receptor – a basally active GPCR

Several mutations that decrease the basal signaling activity of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with pathogenic implications are known. Here we study the molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenotype and investigate how basal and further activated receptor conformations are interrelated. In the basally active thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) we combined spatially-distant mutations with opposing effects on basal activity in double-mutations and characterized mutant basal and TSH induced signaling. Mutations lowering basal activity always have a suppressive influence on TSH induced signaling and on constitutively activating mutations (CAMs). Our results suggest that the conformation of a basally ‘silenced’ GPCR might impair its intrinsic capacity for signaling compared to the wild-type. Striking differences in conformation and intramolecular interactions between TSHR models built using the crystal structures of inactive rhodopsin and partially active opsin help illuminate the molecular details underlying mutations decreasing basal activity. G. Kleinau, H. Jaeschke: These two authors contributed equally to this work. Received 31 July 2008; received after revision 12 September 2008; accepted 19 September 2008