低氧LiF–NdF3熔盐体系阳极过程的电化学行为研究

The oxidation of oxygen ions and the generation of an anode effect at a low oxygen content of 150 mg/kg were discussed in this paper. Cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry tests were conducted to explore the anodic processes of LiF–NdF₃ melt after a lengthy period of pre-electrolysis purification at 1000°C (during which the oxygen content reduced from 413 to 150 mg/kg). The oxidation process of oxygen ions was found to have two stages: oxidation product adsorption and CO/CO₂ gas evolution. The adsorption stage was controlled by diffusion, whereas the gas evolution was controlled by the electrochemical reaction. In comparison with oxygen content of 413 mg/kg, the decrease in the amplitude of the current at low oxygen content of 150 mg/kg was much gentler during the forward scanning process when the anode effect occurred. Fluorine-ion oxidation peaks that occurred at about 4.2 V vs. Li/Li+ could be clearly observed in the reverse scanning processes, in which fluorine ions were oxidized and perfluorocarbons were produced, which resulted in an anode effect.     

Deep cleaning of a metallurgical zinc leaching residue and recovery of valuable metals

Huge quantities of zinc leaching residues (ZLRs) generated from zinc production are dumped continuously around the world and pose a potential environmental threat because of their considerable amounts of entrained heavy metals (mainly lead). Most ZLRs have not been properly treated and the valuable metals in them have not yet been effectively recovered. Herein, the deep cleaning of a ZLR and recovery of valuable metals via a hydrometallurgical route were investigated. The cleaning process consists of two essential stages:acid leaching followed by calcium chloride leaching. The optimum conditions for extracting zinc, copper, and indium by acid leaching were a sulfuric acid concentration of 200 g·L-1, a liquid/solid ratio of 4:1 (mL/g), a leaching time of 2 h, and a temperature of 90℃. For lead and silver extractions, the optimum conditions were a calcium chloride concentration of 400 g·L-1, a pH value of 1.0, a leaching time of 1 h, and a temperature of 30℃. After calcium chloride leaching, silver and lead were extracted out and the lead was finally recovered as electrolytic lead by electrowinning. The anglesite phase, which poses the greatest potential environmental hazard, was removed from the ZLR after deep cleaning, thus reducing the cost of environmental management of ZLRs. The treatment of chlorine and spent electrolyte generated in the process was discussed.     

Comparison of effective parameters for copper powder production via electrorefining and electrowinning cells and improvement using DOE methods

The influences of cupric ion concentration (5-35 g/L),current density (500-2000 A/m2),circulation rate of the electrolyte solution (15-120 mL/min),and temperature (25-60℃) on the physical and chemical properties of copper powders obtained in electrolysis cells were investigated.Two industrial processes,electrorefining (ER) cells with a synthetic electrolyte and electrowinning (EW) cells with an original solution of coppermineral leaching,were utilized to produce copper powders.Finally,the statistical full factorial method of design of experiments (DOE) was employed to investigate the interaction or the main effects of processes.The results show that increasing the copper concentration and temperature can increase the grain size,apparent density,and electrical energy consumption.On the other hand,increasing the current density and circulation rate of the electrolyte can decrease them.This production process is optimized via DOE to control the interactive and main effects to produce copper powders with favorable properties.     

碱浸条件下杂质离子对锌电积的影响

针对贫杂铅锌矿碱浸工艺,系统地分析电解过程杂质离子CO32-、SO24-、SiO32-、F-、Cl-、S2-对电解金属锌粉的影响.实验结果表明:CO32-、SO42-、SiO23-、F-离子对电解金属锌粉没有明显影响,Cl-离子浓度宜控制在20 g/L以下基本上满足GB/T6890-2000国家标准的锌粉三级标准,S2-离子对电解金属锌粉影响比较显著,即使在S2-微量的条件下金属锌粉的品质下降了近5%.     

氨氮和有机杂质对锌电积过程的影响

以硫酸锌-硫酸溶液模拟兰坪氧化锌矿反萃液,考察氨氮及有机杂质如260溶剂油和β-二酮对锌电积过程电流效率和电锌质量的影响。实验结果表明:氨氮对锌电积过程中电流效率和电锌质量基本无影响,而有机杂质260溶剂油和β-二酮影响较大。     

含砷低品位硫化铜矿生物柱浸实验

介绍了含砷低品位硫化铜矿柱浸实验研究方法、装置和结果.实验在八根有机玻璃柱浸系统中进行,考察了细菌种类、矿石粒度、供氧条件及浸出周期等参数对浸出率的影响.结果表明,在-12mm粒度下,采用Z08090-O菌株浸出,浸出167d,铜浸出率为80.75%.对含大量黄铁矿且耗酸脉石少的矿石,酸的累积降低了采用普通驯化浸矿菌的铜浸出率,但采用激光诱变获得的耐低pH值浸矿菌,能够保持高效的铜浸出率.     

电解锰用新型阳极的研制

目前,我国电解锰生产过程的阳极材料大多采用Pb—Sn—Sb—Ag四元系合金,价格高,耐蚀性并不理想,本文提出了Pb—Ag—Ca三元系新合金,有效地解决了四元系合金存在的问题。     

Zn(Ⅱ)-NH_3-NH_4Cl-H_2O体系电积锌工艺及阳极反应机理

考察了Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）ＮＨ３ＮＨ４ＣｌＨ２Ｏ体系电积锌过程中温度、电流密度、锌浓度对槽电压和电流效率的影响．发现电流密度和温度对槽电压影响显著．用正交试验确定最佳工艺参数为：温度５０℃,电流密度４００Ａ·ｍ－２．在保证电流效率大于９０％的前提下,电解母液中锌浓度可降到１０ｇ·Ｌ－１以下．电能消耗２４６０ｋＷ·ｈ·ｔ－１锌,氨耗０．２５４ｔ·ｔ－１锌．另外,查明了阳极反应为析氮反应,而不是析氧反应．开发Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）ＮＨ３ＮＨ４ＣｌＨ２Ｏ体系电积锌的新工艺对铸锌渣,湿法炼锌除铁渣等含氯或铁高的锌物料以及氧化锌矿的回收利用具有重大意义     

锌电解槽内气液两相流动的数值模拟

应用FLUENT软件,分别对单组阴阳极、多组阴阳极锌电解槽中的电解液流动进行了数值模拟研究.针对单组阴阳极间的电解液,基于气泡产生及运动的机理计算出单个气泡在静止电解液中的上浮速度为0.017 m/s.气液两相流数值模拟结果表明:在气泡的作用下,电解液沿阳极板向上运动,沿阴极板向下运动,形成一个大的循环;而气泡群上浮的平均速度约为0.021 m/s,与文献实验数据相吻合.针对实际生产中多组阴阳极锌电解槽,气液两相流数值模拟结果表明:在气泡上浮曳力和电解液进出口压差驱动的共同作用下,电解液的运动态势与单组阴阳极仅考虑气泡曳力作用时的状况相同,极间电解液平均流速是无气泡作用时的1.5倍左右,这将有利于加快极板附近电解液的更新,延缓锌离子的贫化.