Heritable changeability: Epimutation and the legacy of negative definition in epigenetic concepts

Epigenetic concepts are fundamentally shaped by a legacy of negative definition, often understood by what they are not. Yet the function and implication of negative definition for scientific discourse has thus far received scant attention. Using the term epimutation as exemplar, we analyze the paradoxical like-but-unlike structure of a term that must simultaneously connect with but depart from genetic concepts. We assess the historical forces structuring the use of epimutation and like terms such as paramutation. This analysis highlights the positive characteristics defining epimutation: the regularity, oxymoronic temporality, and materiality of stable processes. Integrating historical work, ethnographic observation, and insights from philosophical practice-oriented conceptual analysis, we detail the distinctive epistemic goals the epimutation concept fulfils in medicine, plant biology and toxicology. Epimutation and allied epigenetic terms have succeeded by being mutation-like and recognizable, yet have failed to consolidate for exactly the same reason: they are tied simultaneously by likeness and opposition to nouns that describe things that are assumed to persist unchanged over space and time. Moreover, negative definition casts the genetic-epigenetic relationship as an either/or binary, overshadowing continuities and connections. This analysis is intended to assist practitioners and observers of genetics and epigenetics in recognizing and moving beyond the conceptual legacies of negative definition.     

我国商业车险奖惩系统的构建与评价

在商业车险定价中,通常根据保单的先验风险特征信息建立广义线性模型来厘定先验费率,然后根据保单的历史索赔信息应用奖惩系统对先验费率进行调整.本文基于一组商业车险保单2010-2015年的索赔次数数据,分别在泊松-伽马分布假设和负二项-贝塔分布假设下构建了奖惩系统,运用贝叶斯方法和极大似然法估计了模型参数,测算了奖惩系数,并与我国现行的奖惩系数进行了比较.实证研究结果表明,我国现行奖惩系统的设计结构比较单一,对保单经验索赔信息的使用不充分,且奖惩幅度过于温和.本文构建的奖惩系统充分利用了保单的先验风险特征信息与历史索赔信息,有效避免了对保单的重复性奖励和惩罚,提高了费率厘定结果的准确性和合理性.     

Adjustable thermal expansion in La(Fe,Si)_(13)-based conductive composites by high-pressure synthesis

Providing a suitable contact interface, where a high conductivity material with a desirable coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE) adjoins the target micro-electric devices, is very crucial to optimize the properties and service life of the relevant instruments. Regrettably, a high conductivity, low thermal expansion and relatively inexpensive material is very rare. Composites, fortunately, can offer a method to design materials with adjustable properties by mixing two or more diverse constituents. In this paper, high conductivity composites with adjustable thermal expansion were successfully prepared by a high-pressure synthesis. The composites are based on combining La(Fe,Si)_(13)-based compounds, the materials showing a giant, isotropic negative thermal expansion(NTE) properties, within Cu matrix. The La(Fe,Si)_(13)-based compounds were used to adjust the CTE of the composites, while the Cu phase is in charge of tuning the thermal conductivity properties. Thus, by changing the relative amount of the two components, the composites with high conductivities and adjustable CTE were achieved. Furthermore, the thermal expansion and magnetic properties of the composites were investigated by a physical property measurement system. The present results highlight the potential applications of the Cu-based high conductivity composites with room-temperature NTE properties in the thermal contacts to various semiconductor and microelectronic devices.     

从中国式英语看母语文化的负迁移

中国式英语现象是个十分复杂的课题，而由中西文化方面的差异所引起的中国式英语现象更是对英语学习者有害。因此，本文将从母语文化的负迁移的具体方面入手，分析种种文化负迁移所致的中国式英语的表现。     

母语负迁移对英语写作词汇应用的影响及对词汇教学的启示

英语写作也是大学英语课程中的主要成分,可是很多学生上写作课时写出的作文中词汇范围有限应用不灵活,由于受母语负迁移影响先想汉语词汇再借助词典查询所需的英文单词,结果写出的作文往往用词不当或词不达意。本文分析了母语负迁移对学生作文中用词的影响,浅析其中原因并针对提高学生在写作中词汇的英语词汇教学提出一些建议。     

大学生网络道德负向偏离行为原因分析及对策

随着网络技术的迅猛发展，大学生网络道德负向偏离行为层出不穷。基于此，从“负向偏离行为的道德教育负效应，网络道德负向偏离行为产生的原因，控制网络道德负向偏离行为措施”等方面进行一定层面的解析，旨在为探索降低网络道德负向偏离行为对当前大学生道德教育带来的不良影响提供有益的参考。     

心理定势与物理教学

心理定势反映在教学活动中,既有积极一面,也有消极一面。本文重点讨论在初中物理教学中,学生学习新知识时,心理定势对学习的不利影响及其克服方法;利用心理定势的积极作用完成概念、规律的掌握及运用。     

不完全信息下基于证据推理的竞争对手分析

针对不完全信息下竞争对手分析问题,本文提出一种基于证据推理的分析方法。该方法首先定义了正负相似度对竞争者进行比较,接着通过证据推理对含有未知信息的相似度进行合成排序,最后根据信息熵原理度量结论的客观可靠度。与本文提及的其他方法相比,该方法可以在信息不完全的情况下识别分析竞争对手并提供关于结论的客观可靠度,符合商业竞争的实际特点,具有较强的实用价值。文中的案例分析证实了该方法的有效性。     

负二项分布参数的两种区间估计

研究了负二项分布参数的区间估计方法,给出其两种区间估计方法.首先给出负二项分布参数的精确区间估计方法;其次给出大样本近似区间估计方法.最后通过数值例子介绍这些区间估计方法的应用.     

盲人探路负梯度方向法

负梯度方向法作为一个常用的优化方法在机械工程领域发挥着重要作用,但是,因其锯齿现象而具有计算量大、计算效率低的缺点。一维盲人探路寻优思想总结为:根据探测点与极值点相对位置的三种情况采取三种处理方案。基于此,将负梯度方向法进行了改进,提出了新的寻优方法——折线负梯度方向法。算法分为四部分:初始步长检验阶段;步长加倍探测阶段;暂不减半步长阶段;步长减半探测阶段。第三部分考虑了探测点远未及极值点的情况。提供了寻优思想流程图和完整的C语言子程序。通过与负梯度方向法的比较,证明了折线负梯度方向法具有计算量小、寻优效率大的特点。考虑远跨过极值点的情况,提出了走一步退半步探的算法。通过对不进行退半步探运算和退半步探时不减半步长两种情况的比较,证明了折线负梯度方向法的适用范围较广。