基于40Cr高温动态力学性能的磨削表面动态再结晶行为

通过分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实验得到了40Cr合金钢在高温高应变率下真应力-真应变曲线，据此确定了材料发生动态再结晶的临界条件.采用解析法和实验法分别求解了磨削强化层的温度场和塑性应变场分布.结果表明，磨削强化层在磨削深度方向具有较大的温度和塑性应变梯度;150μm强化层内会发生奥氏体转变;磨削表面最高温度可达1060℃.在磨削亚表面60μm内会产生剧烈的塑性变形，达到了再结晶的临界条件.较大的磨削深度使磨削强化层塑性应变增大，再结晶现象越充分，微观组织细化程度越高.     

Development of emergency water quality standard for Cr6+ and Hg2+ in Liao River basin

The acute toxicity data of Cr＋ and Hg2＋ to the aquatic organisms in Liao River basin was collected and screened. Calculated results of criteria values using popular species sensitivity distribution （SSD） methods were evaluated through data analysis. The comprehensive methodology of emergency water quality standards （EWQSs） was established on the basis of the SSD method of Australia and New Zealand according to the evalu- ation results. The affected fractions of the aquatic organisms were set to be 5 %, 15 %, 30 % and 50 %, corre- sponding to the risk grades of Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and IV, and four-grade EWQSs, respectively. The EWQSs for Cr6＋ and Hg2. in the Liao River were derived and the corresponding risk indicators were also proposed. The results showed that the four-grade EWQSs for Cr6＋ were 2.85 μg/L, 21.0 μg/L, 161 μg/L and 797 μ/L, respec- tively, and the risk indicators were daphnia （grade Ⅱ ）, shrimp （grade Ⅲ）, and the bighead fish or tadpole （grade IV）. The four-grade EWQSs for Hg2＋ were 0.59 μg/L, 2.32 μg/L, 6.25 μg/L and 15.6 μg/L, respective- ly, and the risk indicators were crucian carp or daphnia （grade Ⅱ）, shrimp （grade Ⅲ）, and worm or crab （grade IV）. The results provided valuable information for the risk analysis of sudden ambient water environmen- tal pollution accident.     

四氧化三铁/植酸钠对水中六价铬的分离

四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)这一用途广泛的功能性磁性纳米粒子,但是由于在制备过程中,其形貌难以控制,团聚严重,大大限制了它的应用.用环境友好的植酸钠(IP6)胶束为模板,利用分子中六个不共面的磷酸酯键,络合铁离子,水解制备了Fe3O4/IP6纳米结构,其有分散性好,长期稳定的特点.Fe3O4/IP6中磷酸酯键可捕获富集水体中Cr(VI)离子,利用Fe3O4的磁性,通过外磁场将Cr(VI)离子从废水中分离出来.实验结果表明:该过程时间短(10 min),效果理想.还观察了水体p H值变化对Fe3O4/IP6纳米粒子分离Cr(VI)的影响.     

50Mn18Cr4V无磁钢的热变形行为

通过高温压缩热模拟实验,研究了50Mn18Cr4V高锰无磁钢在变形温度为900~1100℃、应变速率为01~10s-1条件下的热变形行为.结果表明,VC第二相的应变诱导析出对50Mn18Cr4V的热变形行为产生重要影响.当变形温度为900~1000℃,应变速率为5s-1时,VC第二相不能充分析出,与应变速率为1s-1相比,对动态再结晶的阻碍作用减弱.应尽量使实验钢在高温段完成热加工,并适当提高应变速率.随着变形温度降低到950℃以下,材料的塑性变差,若以较低的应变速率变形,容易造成晶界开裂;应变速率过高,容易造成流变失稳,因此,以5s-1的应变速率变形,较为适宜.确定了50Mn18Cr4V无磁钢的再结晶激活能为7769kJ/mol.通过实验数据回归,建立了实验钢的高温变形抗力模型.     

纳米结构9Cr-ODS钢的微观结构及对氦泡形成的影响

以采用机械合金化和热等静压法制备的纳米结构9Cr-ODS钢为研究对象,利用高分辨率透射电镜和扫描透射电镜的高角环形暗场像等手段分析了9Cr-ODS钢的微观结构特征;利用400keV离子加速器向9Cr-ODS钢及无ODS的Eurofer97钢中注入4×1017/cm2氦离子,对比了氦泡尺寸.结果表明:纳米结构9Cr-ODS钢的平均晶粒尺寸约05μm,存在两种尺寸不同的析出相:超高密度弥散分布的纳米尺度Y2Ti2O7析出相和倾向于在晶界形成的尺寸较大的Mn(Ti)Cr2O4析出相.ODS钢中的氦泡尺寸明显小于Eurofer97钢,说明纳米析出相对粗大氦泡的形成有明显的抑制作用.     

Y含量对Ni-20 Cr合金高温抗氧化性能的影响

为了揭示稀土元素Y对Ni-20Cr合金高温抗氧性能的影响,利用非自耗真空电弧炉熔炼4种不同Y含量的Ni-20Cr合金,并对合金进行循环氧化实验。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜等对获得的合金氧化膜进行观察分析。结果表明,Y能提高Ni-20Cr合金的高温抗氧化性能,并且温度越高,作用越明显;添加0.6%Y的Ni-20Cr合金的高温抗氧化性能提升最为明显;添加Y有利于合金选择性氧化膜Cr2 O3的生成,提高氧化膜同基体金属的附着力,降低氧化速率,从而提高合金的高温抗氧化性能。     

表面粗糙度对Ni-20Cr合金高温氧化行为的影响

表面粗糙度作为重要的参数,对合金高温氧化膜剥落有重要影响.为此,研究表面粗糙度对Ni-20Cr合金氧化20 h内的氧化动力学及氧化膜剥落行为的影响.通过热重法绘制动力学曲线,可以看出2.5 μm砂纸磨痕的合金氧化速率明显低于90 μm砂纸磨痕的氧化速率.利用扫描电镜观察氧化膜表面形貌,显示粒状的氧化物在2.5 μm砂纸磨痕合金表面生成,而刻面状的氧化物在90 μm砂纸磨痕合金表面形成.XRD分析表面,在2.5 μm砂纸磨痕合金表面生成的氧化物为Cr2O3,在90 μm砂纸磨痕表面形成的氧化物为NiO.结果表明：平滑的Ni-20Cr合金表面有利于生成保护性的Cr2O3而不发生脱落,具有优良的抗氧化性能.     

Effects of Cr and Mo elements on the microstructures and compressive properties of the in situ (TiC_xN_y–TiB_2)/Ni cermets

In-situ(TiC_xN_y–TiB_2)/Ni cermets with 70 wt%TiC_xN_y–TiB_2 were successfully fabricated by combustion synthesis and hot pressing sintering in Ni-Ti-B_4C-BN powder systems.The microstructures,density,compressive properties,and hardness of the TiC_xN_y–TiB_2/Ni cermets with the addition of 0–8 wt%Cr/Mo to the Ni-Ti-B_4C-BN powder systems were compared and analysed.The results showed that the ceramic particles distributed uniformly in the cermets,and the size of the ceramic particles reduced with the Cr/Mo addition.Both Cr and Mo addition can improve the hardness,compressive properties,and fracture strains of the cermets.The hardness,compressive strength,and fracture strain of the(TiC_xN_y–TiB_2)/(Ni+Cr)cermets increased from 1561 HV,2.94 GPa,and 2.9%to 1864 HV,3.65 GPa,and 3.4%,respectively when the Cr content increased to 5 wt%.The hardness and compressive strength of the(TiC_xN_y–TiB_2)/(Ni+Mo)cermets increased from 1561 HV and 2.94 GPa to 1902 HV and 3.43 GPa,respectively when the Mo content increased to 8 wt%.The cermets with Cr had better compressive properties than the cermets with Mo.     

Studies on induction hardening of powder-metallurgy-processed Fe-Cr/Mo alloys

Induction hardening of dense Fe-Cr/Mo alloys processed via the powder-metallurgy route was studied. The Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo, Fe-1.5Cr-0.2Mo, and Fe-0.85Mo pre-alloyed powders were mixed with 0.4wt%, 0.6wt%, and 0.8wt% C and compacted at 500, 600, and 700 MPa, respectively. The compacts were sintered at 1473 K for 1 h and then cooled at 6 K/min. Ferrite with pearlite was mostly observed in the sintered alloys with 0.4wt% C, whereas a carbide network was also present in the alloys with 0.8wt% C. Graphite at prior particle boundaries led to deterioration of the mechanical properties of alloys with 0.8wt% C, whereas no significant induction hardening was achieved in alloys with 0.4wt% C. Among the investigated samples, alloys with 0.6wt% C exhibited the highest strength and ductility and were found to be suitable for induction hardening. The hardening was carried out at a frequency of 2.0 kHz for 2-3 s. A case depth of 2.5 mm was achieved while maintaining the bulk (interior) hardness of approximately HV 230. A martensitic structure was observed on the outer periphery of the samples. The hardness varied from HV 600 to HV 375 from the sample surface to the interior of the case hardened region. The best combination of properties and hardening depth was achieved in case of the Fe-1.5Cr-0.2Mo alloy with 0.6wt% C.     

基于树状分子及炭黑复合纳米材料修饰电极的Cr(VI)电化学检测

用树状分子及炭黑纳米复合材料修饰玻碳电极,并对六价铬Cr(VI)进行电化学测定.采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、循环伏安法(CV)、交流阻抗法(EIS)、方波溶出伏安法(SWSV)等方法对修饰电极进行了表征.研究发现多种其他离子如Ni~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-等对六价铬离子的测定没有明显干扰,且Cr(VI)的还原峰电流与Cr(VI)的物质的量浓度在4~60 nmol/L和0.06~500μmol/L范围内呈线性关系,检测限达1 nmol/L.该法具有简便快速,选择性好,线性范围宽,灵敏度高等优点.