龙王山落叶阔叶林濒危植物缀块的生态分析

调查了浙江安吉龙王山落叶阔叶林,重点分析了以濒危植物银缕梅（Ｓｈａｎｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｓｕｂｑｕａｅｌｅ）、香果树（Ｅｍｍｅｎｏｐｔｅｒｙｓｈｅｎｒｙｉ）和鹅掌楸（Ｌｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）为代表的三个缀块的生态特点。结果表明：１）１００ｍ２的面积中有植物４７～７０种;２）在这些植物中,５１％～６８％具鲜艳花被,６０％～７４％具小花冠,７６％～８７％有花序结构;３）繁育系统以两性花为主（４８％～６４％）、单性花为辅（３２％～３４％）,孢子繁殖的较少（２％～２０％）;４）果实类型中,５４％～６０％为干果类,２５％～４０％为肉果类。作者认为,龙王山落叶阔叶林生物多样性相当丰富,昆虫、鸟类等动物在传粉和种子散布等方面起着重要作用。在此基础上还分析了三个缀块的动态及濒危植物的命运,提出了该地生物多样性保护的若干问题。     

对生态系统及生物多样性等理论问题的探讨

在简述生态系统基本特征的基础上，对生态系统是非平衡系统，是典型的耗散自组织系统进行论述；并对系统有序、无序、混沌状态的概念和相关关系及渐变、突变、分岔的区别作解释。阐述生命自组织的基本特性及新种的形成过程，同时用熵值作为生物多样性评价指标，证明了一个系统的熵值增加，物种多样性就丰富，熵值减少，物种多样性就较差。笔还就生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性问题进行了讨论，认为生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性没有必然的联系。     

生物多样性的成因及保护策略

本文从认识生物多样性的现状和价值出发，分析了产生生物多样性的三个原因，探讨了生物多样性产生的机制，并提出了保护生物多样性的基本策略。     

Swedish nemerteans (phylum Nemertea), with description of a new hoplonemertean genus and species

A survey of the nemertean fauna along the Swedish west coast found specimens of 20 genera and 32 species, of which one genus and species is new to science (Tetraneuronemertes lovgreni gen. et sp. n.). The proportions of the three taxa Hoplonemertea, Heteronemertea, and Palaeonemertea are 34, 55, and 11%, respectively, with respect to specimen numbers, and the proportions for species within these taxa are 53, 31 and 16%, respectively. The most common species encountered during the survey were the heteronemerteans Lineus bilineatus, Micrura fasciolata, and Micrura purpurea, the hoplonemertean Nipponnemertes pulcher, and the palaeonemertean Cephalothrix rufifrons.     

The amphibians and reptiles of Nosy Be (NW Madagascar) and nearby islands: a case study of diversity and conservation of an insular fauna

Surveys of the amphibians and reptiles on Nosy Be (an island off north-west Madagascar) and nearby islands were undertaken between 1991 and 2001 and are discussed here in view of biodiversity considerations and conservation efforts. Since Nosy Be is the type locality of several amphibian and reptile taxa, their exact status is of crucial importance for the nomenclatural stability of many groups of the Madagascan herpetofauna. A total of 20 amphibian and 61 reptile species (excluding marine reptiles) was confirmed for this archipelago. Other species (Mantidactylus horridus, Androngo elongatus, Typhlops madagascariensis, T. reuteri, Micropisthodon ochraceus and Pararhadinea melanogaster) were not found during these inventories, but are quoted in the literature or housed in herpetological collections, and are considered as likely to be present at Nosy Be. A further 18 taxa are tentatively excluded from its fauna, due to biogeographic incongruence and/or lack of reliable voucher specimens. Few taxa are so far only known from the island; they may represent endemics or may have been overlooked on the adjacent mainland. They are respectively Stumpffia pygmaea, Mabuya lavarambo, Lygodactylus h. heterurus, Lycodryas granuliceps and Typhlops reuteri. Heterixalus tricolor too is likely to be present on Nosy Be only, but the difference with respect to taxa present on the mainland needs to be confirmed. Several species are known from nearby islands and islets surveyed (11 amphibians and 26 reptiles). A few of them (Heterixalus 'variabilis', Kinixys belliana, Furcifer oustaleti, Mabuya comorensis, Paracontias milloti) are present on some of these islands but have not yet been found on Nosy Be. Much of the field research was conducted at Lokobe, a strict nature reserve still characterized by good forest coverage (typical of the Sambirano Domain), and an important area of biodiversity. With 15 amphibian and 45 reptile species, Lokobe hosts 81% of the overall Nosy Be herpetofauna: of the species found during our surveys, only Heterixalus tricolor, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, Gehyra mutilata, Phelsuma dubia and Crocodylus niloticus were only found outside the reserve. In view of this, the protection of Lokobe should be assured and reinforced. Except for Lokobe, habitats on Nosy Be are largely anthropogenic, and have a lower species diversity, especially where there is intensive agriculture. At other sites (e.g. ylang-ylang and coffee plantations) and in forested bands along roads, species diversity is still high: careful management of these anthropogenic habitats might also assure the survivorship and conservation of a diverse herpetofauna outside the protected area.     

我国森林生物多样性的保护现状与展望

森林是陆地生态系统中生物多样性最丰富的地方。１９９３年底，我国共建立了以森林生态系统及野生动植物为主要保护对象的自然保护区５５１个，面积１７６６．８万公顷。同时，还建立了一批具经营和保护双重功能的森林公园和风景名胜区。本文在全面分析我国森森资源现状和分布特点的基础上，论 自然保护区、森林公园和风景名胜区对森林生物多样性的保护，对今后我国森林生物多亲性的保护提出了展望。     

天目山自然保护区生物多样性的熵值测度研究

说明了生态系统是典型的热力学开放系统,并具有耗散结构的特征,阐述了生物多样性的热力学熵机理.在此基础上提出了生物多样性的两个熵值测度指标,并分析了各指标的含义、两指标间的相互关系及其与传统测度指标机理上的对应性.用天目山自然保护区典型样地调查数据进行了验证,验证结果与生物多样性的熵值分析机理相一致.通过对比分析,笔者认为传统生物多样性测度指标没有考虑群落中各种群在个体数量上的绝对差异对生物多样性的影响,从而提出了生物多样性的熵值改进方法,并分析了与熵值测度指标密切相关的几个关键性问题及影响天目山群落生物多样性的主要原因.     

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITIY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

生物多样性是生命系统的基本特征,也是生物有机体及其与环境之间复合而成的生态系统和各种有关生态过程的总和.生物多样性主要包括三个层次基因多样性、物种多样性，生态系统多样性.中国的幅员辽阔,生境复杂,气候多变,历史悠久,拥有丰富的植物、动物和微生物种类及不同的生态系统类型.多年来,我国采取了一系列措施和行动,旨在保护生物多样性,促进国家经济、人类社会和自然生态系统的持续发展.     

Organisms using Phragmites australis are diverse and similar on three continents

ABSTRACT

Common reed (Phragmites australis) is one of the most widely distributed, most abundant, and best-studied vascular plants worldwide but there has been no broad comparison of reed-associated biota on different continents. A survey of observational data on (mostly terrestrial) organisms using P. australis reedbeds revealed diverse biotas and some strong relationships to Phragmites in North America, Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa. I present examples for a selected group of 29 habitat functions (i.e., features of the reed plant or reedbed used in particular ways by groups of organisms). These functions include animals eating certain parts of reed, birds roosting in reedbeds, and insects mining within reed leaf blades. The diversity of reed users (associated species) and the similarities in habitat functions in biogeographically distinct world regions suggest a fundamental character of reed ecological relationships related to the large size, extensive stands, high productivity, deep litter layers, and other traits of reed. The data also underline the general importance of reed for biodiversity support, although on all three continents reed is considered desirable or undesirable depending on the site character and management goals. Managers can consider reed habitat functions and user guilds to prioritise and design management approaches and predict outcomes of conservation, management, or other environmental changes affecting reedbeds and their users, whether native or introduced, over-abundant or under-abundant.     

The genus Nematoplana Meixner, 1938 (Platyhelminthes: Unguiphora) in eastern Australia

Six new species of Nematoplana are described from eastern Australia. They are distinguished on the basis of the morphology of sclerotized structures, chromosome number and morphology, and pigmentation. Six further unguiphorid species were only found immature, and cannot be formally described. They none the less have distinct morphological and/or karyological features. The Unguiphora as a whole, and the genus Nematoplana in particular, are species-rich in eastern Australia. The high diversity of the group appears due both to narrow-range endemics, and to the narrow ecological niche of many of the species.