菌丝内生细菌及其宿主真菌共生体系研究进展

微生物共生普遍存在于自然界中，真菌-细菌联合体能以多种方式相互作用，共同发挥各种生态功能。有些细菌驻留在真菌菌丝内部，借以调控真菌的生长、发育、分布和次级代谢过程，这些细菌被称为菌丝内生细菌（endohyphal bacteria, EHB）。EHB的研究揭开了微生物生态学的一个新篇章，是真菌与细菌共生关系中最紧密的代表。在逆境条件下，EHB可以调节寄主生殖机制相关的关键成分或步骤，诱导植物激素类物质的产生，对寄主真菌具有辅助性保护作用。研究最深入的真菌-EHB共生体系是植物致病性根霉菌Rhizopus sp.与伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia sp.，引起水稻幼苗枯萎病所必需的植物毒素——根霉素是由伯克霍尔德氏菌所产生的，而非寄主根霉菌本身产生的。EHB也会影响定殖于高等植物的内生真菌的生态和多样性。在某些情况下，EHB还有助于激活参与识别、转录调节和初级代谢蛋白合成过程的相关基因。目前已开发出了无菌培养分离EHB的方法，然而对真菌-EHB共生体系的研究尚不够深入。综述了菌丝内生细菌EHB及其与宿主真菌的共生体系，阐述这些伴侣之间复杂微妙的相互关系，以及EHB对宿主真菌和宿主植物生长和发育的影响，并对该领域的研究方向提出了建议。     

广纳文化根系与壮族的文化生态美——壮族文化生态美研究之三

壮族具有一种可称为广纳性文化根系 ,表现为对异质文化的宽容、平等和吸纳和对苗瑶文化、汉族文化的宽容和吸纳 ,形成了壮族许多再生文化、杂糅文化形态 ,也使壮族文化符合生态文化的共生规律。     

南宁地区石灰岩山地生态设计初探

南宁地区石灰岩山地多为荒山草坡,开发利用非常困难。根据景观生态学的“共生”原则,利用生物控制的方法,从当地植物种群中优选了一系列耐旱、耐瘠、速生、固氮的品种,提出了建立以新银合欢为主的植物群落的生态建设方案。     

Two classes of metabolites fromTheonella swinhoei are localized in distinct populations of bacterial symbionts

The marine spongeTheonella swinhoei (lithistid Family Theonellidae, Order Astrophorida) has yielded many important, bioactive natural products, most of which share structural features with bacterial natural products. The presence of microbial symbionts inT. swinhoei has been reported, and it was originally suggested that the cytotoxic macrolide swinholide A and many of the bioactive cyclic peptides fromT. swinhoei were all produced by symbiotic cyanobacteria. By transmission electron microscopy, we found four distinct cell populations to be consistently present inT. swinhoei: eukaryotic sponge cells, unicellular heterotrophic bacteria, unicellular cyanobacteria and filamentous heterotrophic bacteria. Purification and chemical analyses of each cell type showed the macrolide swinholide A to be limited to the mixed population of unicellular heterotrophic bacteria, and an anti-fungal cyclic peptide occurred only in the filamentous heterotrophic bacteria. Contrary to prior speculation, no major metabolites were located in the cyanobacteria or sponge cells.     

Butterflies and ants: The communicative domain

Associations with ants, termed myrmecophily, are widespread in the butterfly family Lycaenidae and range from mere co-existence to more or less specific mutualistic or even parasitic interactions. Secretions of specialized epidermal glands are crucial for mediating the interactions. Transfer of nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids) from butterfly larvae to ants plays a major role, but manipulative communication with the help of odour signals is also involved. By means of myrmecophily, lycaenid butterflies largely escape ant predation, and certain species gain protection through attendant ants or achieve developmental benefits from ant-attendance. Benefits to the ants range from minimal to substantial food rewards. While most lycaenid species maintain facultative relationships with a variety of ant genera, highly specific and obligatory associations have convergently evolved in a number of butterfly lineages. As a corollary, communication systems are largely unspecific in the former, but may be highly specialized in the latter. The sophisticated communication between obligate myrmecophiles and their host ants is tightly connected with the evolutionary rise of specialized life-cycles and thus is a source of augmenting diversity within the butterflies.     

致病杆菌功能基因的分子生物学研究进展

致病杆菌是与斯氏线虫共生的肠杆菌科细菌,存在于昆虫病原线虫肠道内,可随线虫的侵染进入寄主昆虫血腔,迅速繁殖并产生多种代谢产物,抑制其他杂菌的污染,保护线虫繁殖的环境。多年研究发现,该菌的代谢产物具有广泛的杀虫、抑菌、抗癌等生物活性。本文介绍了致病杆菌外膜蛋白基因、菌毛蛋白基因、共生作用相关基因、溶血素相关基因、杀虫毒素蛋白基因、抗生素相关基因以及专利申请基因的研究进展。     

基于多元共生遗传神经网络的藻类预测仿真

提出一种多元共生遗传神经网络(PGANN),从遗传算法和神经网络——进化和学习两方面及其相互关系着手完善进化过程,以提高优化效果和泛化能力。该算法包括一个共生平衡交叉算子,一种多元选择策略和一种神经网络的分级优化策略,其中共生平衡算子能够兼顾进化过程中的方向性、多样性和自适应性;多元选择策略能够适应进化过程不同时段对选择压力不同的需求;而分级优化使运算规模和运算速度之间的矛盾得到缓解。将该改进的遗传神经网络PGANN应用于水库和湖泊有毒的优势蓝绿藻爆发预测,取得了满意的效果。     

具反馈控制和Allee效应的偏利共生系统动力学行为

具有反馈控制和Allee效应的偏利共生模型,其动力学行为比较复杂 .在反馈控制偏利共生模型的基础上,研究加法Allee效应对系统的动力学行为的影响,证明了系统正平衡点存在的条件足以保证系统的全局吸引性 .通过构造适当的Lyapunov函数,得到平衡点全局稳定的充分条件.研究表明：Allee效应不影响反馈控制偏利共生系统平衡点的稳定性,但会影响平衡点的位置.     

Operational Patterns of Industrial Symbiosis Network in Industrial Cluster District Based on Circular Economy Theory

Industrial symbiosis network （ISN） is an efficient organizational form for improving resource recycling and efficiency in industrial cluster district. Because of the variety of industrial cluster district formation model, the industrial symbiosis network is different with each other. Based on the circular economy theory, combing with international tendency of cluster district, the paper puts forward the relying-on-oriented industrial symbiosis network. Meanwhile, it also analyzes its organizational mechanism, operating pattern and environmental performance. Through the above efforts, we hope it could be helpful for industry cluster district sustainable development in China.     

The C4-dicarboxylate transport system ofRhizobium meliloti and its role in nitrogen fixation during symbiosis with alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

TheRhizobium meliloti C₄-dicarboxylate transport (Dct) system is essential for an effective symbiosis with alfalfa plants. C₄-dicarboxylates are the major carbon source taken up by bacteroids. Genetic analysis of Dct^– mutant strains led to the isolation of thedct carrier genedctA and the regulatory genesdctB anddctD. The carrier genedctA is regulated in free-living cells by the alternative sigma factor RpoN and the two-component regulatory system DctB/D. In addition, DctA is involved in its own regulation, possibly by interacting with DctB. In bacteroids, besides the DctB/DctD system an additional symbiotic activator is thought to be involved indctA expression. Further regulation ofdctA in the free-living state is reflected by diauxic growth of rhizobia, with succinate being the preferred carbon source. The tight coupling of C₄-dicarboxylate transport and nitrogen fixation is revealed by a reduced level of C₄-dicarboxylate transport in nitrogenase negative bacteroids.