菌丝内生细菌及其宿主真菌共生体系研究进展

微生物共生普遍存在于自然界中，真菌-细菌联合体能以多种方式相互作用，共同发挥各种生态功能。有些细菌驻留在真菌菌丝内部，借以调控真菌的生长、发育、分布和次级代谢过程，这些细菌被称为菌丝内生细菌（endohyphal bacteria, EHB）。EHB的研究揭开了微生物生态学的一个新篇章，是真菌与细菌共生关系中最紧密的代表。在逆境条件下，EHB可以调节寄主生殖机制相关的关键成分或步骤，诱导植物激素类物质的产生，对寄主真菌具有辅助性保护作用。研究最深入的真菌-EHB共生体系是植物致病性根霉菌Rhizopus sp.与伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia sp.，引起水稻幼苗枯萎病所必需的植物毒素——根霉素是由伯克霍尔德氏菌所产生的，而非寄主根霉菌本身产生的。EHB也会影响定殖于高等植物的内生真菌的生态和多样性。在某些情况下，EHB还有助于激活参与识别、转录调节和初级代谢蛋白合成过程的相关基因。目前已开发出了无菌培养分离EHB的方法，然而对真菌-EHB共生体系的研究尚不够深入。综述了菌丝内生细菌EHB及其与宿主真菌的共生体系，阐述这些伴侣之间复杂微妙的相互关系，以及EHB对宿主真菌和宿主植物生长和发育的影响，并对该领域的研究方向提出了建议。     

西沙野生诺尼叶片内生菌的分离与初步鉴定

主要研究西沙群岛野生诺尼叶片中可培养内生菌的多样性。利用常规平板分离方法进行菌株分离。通过测定真菌核糖体基因翻译间隔序列(ITS序列)和细菌16S r DNA基因序列,结合系统发育研究对所分离菌株进行鉴定分析。共分离到32株内生菌,分为19种。其中2种霉菌,共2株,分别属于炭层菌属(Nemania sp.)和毛壳菌属(Chaetomium sp.);细菌17种,共30株,分别属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属(Lysinibacillus sp.)、微球菌属(Micrococcus sp.)、土地芽孢杆菌属(Terribacillus sp.)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter sp.)、黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas sp.)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium sp.)等7个已知属,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)为绝对优势属,共20株,11种。     

环境胁迫对禾草—内生真菌共生体的影响

Neotyphodium属内生真菌与禾本科植物之间的共生关系因其与农牧业的密切关系而受到研究者们的广泛关注。Neotyphodium属内生真菌长期生活在植物体内的特殊环境中,并与宿主协同进化,在演化过程中二者形成互惠共生关系,一方面内生真菌可从宿主中吸收营养供自己生长需要,另一方面内生真菌可增强宿主植物的抗旱性、抗病性和抗虫性,促进宿主植物生长并提高其竞争能力,但也对家畜产生毒性。     

植物内生细菌研究进展及其应用潜力

近年来,有关植物内生细菌的研究日趋增加,并且已经成为当前植物微生物学科基础及应用基础研究的挑战性领域. 目前在这一领域的研究中出现了两个新的发展态势:非培养方法的应用以及对植物内生细菌与宿主的相互作用显现出一定的"和谐联合"关系的认识. 植物内生细菌对宿主植物具有广泛的有益生物学作用,预示着其巨大的应用潜力,文中对此进行了评述.     

植物内生菌在建设节水型园林中的潜在应用

植物内生菌是生活于健康植物内,与宿主植物建立互惠互利的共生关系的微生物,具有促进植物生长、提高植物抗干旱胁迫能力等作用。本文总结了植物内生菌的种类,综述了其抗干旱胁迫作用机理和在园林绿化植物抗干旱胁迫中的应用研究,以期为植物内生菌资源在园林绿化、建设节水型园林等方面提供参考。     

檀香及其宿主植物假蒿根中内生真菌的研究

研究目的：檀香（Santalum口舾“聊Linn．）为檀香科（Santalaceae）檀香属（Santalum）树种,属于常绿半寄生小乔木,其心材为传统名贵中药。檀香与其寄主植物假蒿通过根端的吸盘相连,探讨檀香与其宿主之间内生真菌的关系具有重要意义。创新要点：假蒿（KuhniarosmarinifoliaVent．）是幼龄檀香很好的寄主。目前已经对许多药用植物的内生真菌的分离和鉴定进行了大量研究,但是关于檀香和假蒿之间关系的研究报道较少。本研究首次探讨了檀香及其宿主植物假蒿根中内生真菌的数量和种类,为进一步研究两者之间的关系提供一些有用的信息。研究方法：采用组织块分离法从檀香的根和其宿主植物假蒿的根部材料分离内生真菌,并采用形态学鉴定和分子鉴定手段对分离的内生真菌进行鉴定。重要结论：从檀香的根和其宿主植物假蒿的根中160个组织块中分离和鉴定了共25个真菌类群,其中青霉属真菌Penicilliumsp．1为檀香根中优势菌,镰孢属真菌Fusariumsp．1为假蒿根中优势菌。特别有意思的是两种植物根中没有分离到明显相同的内生真菌。     

丛枝菌根真菌对氮素的吸收作用和机制

丛枝菌根真菌可以与绝大多数陆生植物共生,它可以吸收铵态氮、硝态氮、一些氨基酸和一些复杂的有机氮素,吸收的氮素在根外菌丝中转化成精氨酸,并以这种形式运输到根内菌丝,在根内菌丝和根细胞界面,精氨酸再进一步转化为NH4^＋后转移到宿主植物体,参与植物氮素代谢,而转移的氮量及对宿主植物氮营养的贡献与宿主植物、真菌以及基质养分和水分条件有关．     

植物内生菌及其宿主植物研究概况

植物内生菌是一类重要的微生物资源库,内生菌及其次生代谢产物的研究近几年被人们广泛关注.文章对植物内生菌的宿主植物种类进行系统的阐述,现已经报道并倍受关注的宿主植物分布在77科153个属中,共有190种植物,并对分离出的内生菌分类以及其次生物质的作用进行了简要叙述.     

非培养方法在植物内生和根际细菌研究中的应用

植物内生和根际细菌中的一部分可通过多种方式促进植物生长，是植物促生细菌的主要成员，由于它们在植物生长过程中的重要作用而备受人们关注．以非培养（culture-independent）方法对植物内生和根际细菌进行研究已成为植物促生细菌研究领域中的一个重要发展趋势．文中评述了非培养方法的优势特点，在植物内生和根际细菌研究中的主要应用，及研究过程中应注意的主要问题．     

空心莲子草内生真菌多样性研究

通过采样、组织分离、培养和鉴定,对入侵植物空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)内生真菌的种类组成、分布规律及其生物多样性进行了初步研究.结果表明:空心莲子草内生真菌种类丰富,从茎、叶中共分离得到16种内生真菌.产孢真菌有12属15种,非产孢真菌1种.产孢真菌全部为半知菌.曲霉1(Aspergillus sp.1)、曲霉2(Aspergillus sp.2)、刺盘孢菌(Colletotrichum sp.)、大茎点霉(Macrophoma sp.)、弯孢霉菌(Curvularia sp.)在供试的各种组织均有分布,且分离率较高,是空心莲子草的优势内生真菌.内生真菌广泛分布于各种组织,总定殖率为81.5%,老茎组织定殖率最高,达90.9%.生境及组织类型对空心莲子草内生真菌的群落结构及定殖率有重要影响.     

A plant receptor-like kinase required for both bacterial and fungal symbiosis

Most higher plant species can enter a root symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in which plant carbon is traded for fungal phosphate. This is an ancient symbiosis, which has been detected in fossils of early land plants. In contrast, the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses of plants with bacteria evolved more recently, and are phylogenetically restricted to the rosid I clade of plants. Both symbioses rely on partially overlapping genetic programmes. We have identified the molecular basis for this convergence by cloning orthologous SYMRK ('symbiosis receptor-like kinase') genes from Lotus and pea, which are required for both fungal and bacterial recognition. SYMRK is predicted to have a signal peptide, an extracellular domain comprising leucine-rich repeats, a transmembrane and an intracellular protein kinase domain. Lotus SYMRK is required for a symbiotic signal transduction pathway leading from the perception of microbial signal molecules to rapid symbiosis-related gene activation. The perception of symbiotic fungi and bacteria is mediated by at least one common signalling component, which could have been recruited during the evolution of root nodule symbioses from the already existing arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis.     

Plastid proteins crucial for symbiotic fungal and bacterial entry into plant roots

The roots of most higher plants form arbuscular mycorrhiza, an ancient, phosphate-acquiring symbiosis with fungi, whereas only four related plant orders are able to engage in the evolutionary younger nitrogen-fixing root-nodule symbiosis with bacteria. Plant symbioses with bacteria and fungi require a set of common signal transduction components that redirect root cell development. Here we present two highly homologous genes from Lotus japonicus, CASTOR and POLLUX, that are indispensable for microbial admission into plant cells and act upstream of intracellular calcium spiking, one of the earliest plant responses to symbiotic stimulation. Surprisingly, both twin proteins are localized in the plastids of root cells, indicating a previously unrecognized role of this ancient endosymbiont in controlling intracellular symbioses that evolved more recently.     

植物共生微生物混合接种效应的研究进展

以菌根真菌为主 ,从菌根真菌与根瘤菌间的关系及其对宿主植物的影响、VA菌根与外生菌根混合接种对宿主植物的影响以及菌根真菌与共生固氮放线菌的关系对宿主植物的影响三方面 ,对近年来国内外一些相关研究加以评述和讨论 .着重论述了菌根真菌、共生微生物与宿主植物的相互作用对宿主植物生长、营养、生理及抗逆性等方面产生的影响 .并对今后这方面的研究、应用和发展方向提出建议 .     

Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form mutualistic, symbiotic associations with the roots of more than 80% of land plants. The fungi are incapable of completing their life cycle in the absence of a host root. Their spores can germinate and grow in the absence of a host, but their hyphal growth is very limited. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern signalling and recognition between AM fungi and their host plants. In one of the first stages of host recognition, the hyphae of AM fungi show extensive branching in the vicinity of host roots before formation of the appressorium, the structure used to penetrate the plant root. Host roots are known to release signalling molecules that trigger hyphal branching, but these branching factors have not been isolated. Here we have isolated a branching factor from the root exudates of Lotus japonicus and used spectroscopic analysis and chemical synthesis to identify it as a strigolactone, 5-deoxy-strigol. Strigolactones are a group of sesquiterpene lactones, previously isolated as seed-germination stimulants for the parasitic weeds Striga and Orobanche. The natural strigolactones 5-deoxy-strigol, sorgolactone and strigol, and a synthetic analogue, GR24, induced extensive hyphal branching in germinating spores of the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita at very low concentrations.     

Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Most land plants are symbiotic with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which take up mineral nutrients from the soil and exchange them with plants for photosynthetically fixed carbon. This exchange is a significant factor in global nutrient cycles as well as in the ecology, evolution and physiology of plants. Despite its importance as a nutrient, very little is known about how AMF take up nitrogen and transfer it to their host plants. Here we report the results of stable isotope labelling experiments showing that inorganic nitrogen taken up by the fungus outside the roots is incorporated into amino acids, translocated from the extraradical to the intraradical mycelium as arginine, but transferred to the plant without carbon. Consistent with this mechanism, the genes of primary nitrogen assimilation are preferentially expressed in the extraradical tissues, whereas genes associated with arginine breakdown are more highly expressed in the intraradical mycelium. Strong changes in the expression of these genes in response to nitrogen availability and form also support the operation of this novel metabolic pathway in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.     

苏铁与蓝细菌的共生

蓝细菌能与不同进化阶段的植物代表种共生，苏铁是能与蓝细菌共生的唯一的裸子植物。本文从蓝细菌与苏铁超显微结构、共生蓝细菌的多态性、蓝细菌对苏铁珊瑚状根的侵染和研究展望等几个方面阐述了苏铁与蓝细菌的共生关系，认为从分子水平上揭示蓝细菌与苏铁形成共生固氮体系的系统性和共生双方的遗传多样性，不仅具有重要的意义，而且也具有广阔的应用前景。     

The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis

Mycorrhizal symbioses--the union of roots and soil fungi--are universal in terrestrial ecosystems and may have been fundamental to land colonization by plants. Boreal, temperate and montane forests all depend on ectomycorrhizae. Identification of the primary factors that regulate symbiotic development and metabolic activity will therefore open the door to understanding the role of ectomycorrhizae in plant development and physiology, allowing the full ecological significance of this symbiosis to be explored. Here we report the genome sequence of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor (Fig. 1) and highlight gene sets involved in rhizosphere colonization and symbiosis. This 65-megabase genome assembly contains approximately 20,000 predicted protein-encoding genes and a very large number of transposons and repeated sequences. We detected unexpected genomic features, most notably a battery of effector-type small secreted proteins (SSPs) with unknown function, several of which are only expressed in symbiotic tissues. The most highly expressed SSP accumulates in the proliferating hyphae colonizing the host root. The ectomycorrhizae-specific SSPs probably have a decisive role in the establishment of the symbiosis. The unexpected observation that the genome of L. bicolor lacks carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell walls, but maintains the ability to degrade non-plant cell wall polysaccharides, reveals the dual saprotrophic and biotrophic lifestyle of the mycorrhizal fungus that enables it to grow within both soil and living plant roots. The predicted gene inventory of the L. bicolor genome, therefore, points to previously unknown mechanisms of symbiosis operating in biotrophic mycorrhizal fungi. The availability of this genome provides an unparalleled opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of the processes by which symbionts interact with plants within their ecosystem to perform vital functions in the carbon and nitrogen cycles that are fundamental to sustainable plant productivity.