The role of orientation experiments in discovering mechanisms

Many types of experiments have been recognized in the literature. One important type we discuss in this article is the orientation experiment. While orientation experiments are like other types of experiments in that they are tests for causal relevance, they also have other qualities. One important (but not the only) goal of these experiments is to offer a rough, qualitative characterization of the mechanism responsible for a capacity of interest, effectively constraining future research. This makes them particularly useful during the early stages of investigation, when an explanandum-phenomenon has just been identified and several (often competing) hypotheses as to the qualitative character of the mechanism responsible for it are proposed. We illustrate our claims, and explicate a number of additional aims that orientation experiments can sometimes serve, by considering three case studies from different era's, namely the discovery of the mechanisms responsible for i) the capacity of eels to produce numbing sensations (17th and 18th century), ii) puerperal fever in Semmelweis' Vienna Maternity Hospital (19th century), and iii) the capacity of pigeons to home (20th century).     

论科学解释的实用特征和生物学解释的语境相关性

科学解释具有实用特征(pragmatic aspect).这一特征与"科学解释的标准形式"相比,具有解释主体的相关性,即因解释主体的差异寻求多样化的解释形式.本文通过生物学解释的特征的分析,指出生物学解释具有因解释主体不同而形成的语境相关性,而这一特性决定了生物学解释与物理学解释的本质差异.     

认知语言学对隐喻的诠释

世界在变,人对世界的认知也是在不断深化；对语言研究从规范、描写发展到解释认知语言学在客观主义和主观主义之间架起了一座桥梁,提出了主客观相结合的体验主义认识论。隐喻是一种重要的认知模式,是新的语言意义产生的根源。本文通过认知语言学理论阐述研究隐喻的理论基础,并解释隐喻与认知、隐喻与本义的关系,说明对隐喻的研究应注意解释的范围与意义,应从文化与思维入手,探讨语言的哲学实质,从而对语言进行深层次的研究。     

对一道习题结论的思考与拓展

通过对一道习题的解答,借助图象,给结论一个直观易记的几何解释,并对这一结论进行了拓展。     

解释学习在机器人过程控制中的应用

机器人过程控制是智能机器人系统的一个特别重要而又十分复杂的研究课题。本文将解释学习应用于机器人过程控制，为之开发了一种新的方法。仿真结果表明，该方法可行、有效。同时，还尝试了将Ｐｒｏｌｏｇ语言作为机器人过程控制的运行机制的形式化表达工具的可能性。     

科学与宗教的冲突与互补

科学与宗教是人类社会实践的两种不同形式，社会实践是科学与宗教的本源。科学与宗教具有本质的区别，但是科学理论的基本假设必然包含宗教因素。由于科学和宗教之间存在这样的区别和联系，因此我们应该从一个更广阔的视野来理解二者的相互作用。     

民法典总则之意思表示解释规则初探

意思表示解释与法律行为解释和合同解释不同。意思表示解释有其特殊的法律构造，其解释对象是表示行为和效果意思而不仅仅是目的意思，意思表示解释的原则。依意思表示类型的不同而有所不同。我国民法通则对意思表示解释没有规定，在未来的民法典型总则中应当对此加以完善。     

试析讲解与示范在体育教学中的运用

体育教学中讲解示范运用的好坏，直接影响到学生的学习效果与教学质量．就运动技能形成的各个阶段如何运用讲解与示范以及讲解与示范的技巧进行了初步论述．     

Histories of molecules: Reconciling the past

Molecular data and methods have become centrally important to evolutionary analysis, largely because they have enabled global phylogenetic reconstructions of the relationships between organisms in the tree of life. Often, however, molecular stories conflict dramatically with morphology-based histories of lineages. The evolutionary origin of animal groups provides one such case. In other instances, different molecular analyses have so far proved irreconcilable. The ancient and major divergence of eukaryotes from prokaryotic ancestors is an example of this sort of problem. Efforts to overcome these conflicts highlight the role models play in phylogenetic reconstruction. One crucial model is the molecular clock; another is that of ‘simple-to-complex’ modification. I will examine animal and eukaryote evolution against a backdrop of increasing methodological sophistication in molecular phylogeny, and conclude with some reflections on the nature of historical science in the molecular era of phylogeny.