关于“贝种退化”问题的探讨

据称合浦珠母贝在养殖场“退化了”,“变小了”,是“近亲交配”引起的,这种说法已颇为流行,影响也很大。但是,在理论上还说明不了,也未曾见过有合浦珠母贝退化的研究报告。而且,在养殖场的人工育苗生产中,实际上已极大限度地避免了近亲交配,防止了近亲交配引起退化的可能性。所以,这种所谓“近亲交配”引起“退化”的说法,还缺少严格的科学实验根据。事实证明了,养殖的合浦珠母贝同野生个体的生长一样快,但生活环境不同对生长的影响较大,而在管养条件不良时生长最差。因此建议在生产中加强管养工作,育壮苗、养大贝、出好珠,也要加强基础科学知识的教育,促进合浦珠母贝养殖珍珠生产更好更快地发展。     

Inhibition of Alkaline Phosphatase from Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata by o-Phthalaldehyde： Involvement of Lysine and Histidine Residues at the Active Site

Alkaline phosphatase from Pinctada fucata was inactivated by o-phthalaldehyde （OPA）. The inactivation followed pseudo first-order kinetics with a second rate constant of 0.167 （mmol/L）^-1·min^-1 at pH 7.5 and 25℃. A Tsou＇s plot analysis showed that inactivation occurred upon formation of one isoindole group. The OPA-modified enzyme lost the ability to bind with the specific affinity column and the presence of substrates or competitive inhibitors protected the enzyme from inactivation. The results revealed that the OPA-reaction site was at the enzyme substrate binding site. Prior modification of the enzyme by lysine or histidine specific reagent abolished formation of the isoindole derivatives, suggesting that lysine and histidine residues were involved in the OPA-induced inactivation. Taken together, OPA inactivated the alkaline phosphatase from Pinctada fucata by cross-linking lysine and histidine residues at the active site and formed an isoindole group at the substrate binding site of the enzyme.     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法对马氏珠母贝贝壳的研究

本文通过傅里叶变换红外光谱法对不同剖面层次的马氏珠母贝贝壳进行了研究。结果表明,马氏珠母贝贝壳的主要成分均为碳酸钙,并含有少量有机质。     

北海营盘马氏珠母贝养殖海域春秋季水化学环境参数变化特征

于2008年9月21日和2009年4月12日对北海营盘青山头马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii Dunker)养殖区进行春、秋两季水化学要素调查与测定。结果显示,营盘青山头南珠养殖区水质良好,各水化学要素符合海水水质二类标准;秋季活性硅酸盐与盐度成显著正相关(r=0.828),无机磷与pH值、活性硅酸盐与溶解氧、无机磷与叶绿素a都有较高的正相关趋势,春季营养盐与各环境因子的相关关系不显著;春季N、P和秋季N、P、Si含量持平或高于浮游植物摄食的最低阈值,其中秋季Si含量丰富;春、秋两季氮磷比平均值分别为7.0和5.5,均以氮为浮游植物摄食的限制因子;营盘马氏珠母贝养殖区的无机氮以氨氮的存在为主要形式,春、秋两季氨氮所占无机氮含量的比例最高,分别为56.6%和74.4%。     

Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Calreticulin from Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata

Calreticulin is a unique calcium-binding protein with multiple functions mostly located in the sar-coplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum.A large amount of calcium is absorbed from the medium and transported to mineralization sites during biomineralization in pead oyster.This paper describes the cloning of the full-length cDNA of calreticulin from Pinctada fucata,namely PCRT.PCRT encodes a deduced 414-amino acid protein,which includes a predicted 17- amino acid signal peptide and an endoplasmic reticulum retrieval sequence HDEL.The protein shows 63%-76% sequence identity and shares some common characteristics with calreticulins from other species.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicates that PCRT is ubiquitously ex-pressed in all tissues tested with the highest expression in the hemolymph and the mantle.In situ hybridiza-tion analysis of PCRT in the mantle showed strong signals in the inner fold,the inner side of middle fold,and the inner side of outer fold of the mantle epithelium.All these results suggest PCRT might be involved in Ca2+ transport and storage during oyster biomineralization.     

Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Calreticulin from Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata

Calreticulin is a unique calcium-binding protein with multiple functions mostly located in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum. A large amount of calcium is absorbed from the medium and transported to mineralization sites during biomineralization in pearl oyster. This paper describes the cloning of the full-length cDNA of calreticulin from Pinctada fucata, namely PCRT. PCRT encodes a deduced 414-amino acid protein, which includes a predicted 17- amino acid signal peptide and an endoplasmic reticulum retrieval sequence HDEL. The protein shows 63%-76% sequence identity and shares some common characteristics with calreticulins from other species. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicates that PCRT is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues tested with the highest expression in the hemolymph and the mantle. In situ hybridization analysis of PCRT in the mantle showed strong signals in the inner fold, the inner side of middle fold, and the inner side of outer fold of the mantle epithelium, All these results suggest PCRT might be involved in Ca^2＋ transport and storage during oyster biomineralization.     

Localization of calmodulin and calmodulin-like protein and their functions in biomineralization in P. fucata

Calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin-like protein (CaLP) are two proteins involved in biomineralization. Their localizations in Pinctada fucata mantle epithelia were studied by Western blot (WB) analysis of the nuclear/cytosol fraction of primary cultured Pinctada fucata mantle cells and immunogold electron microscopy. The results showed a completely different distribution of these two proteins at the subcellular level. CaM was distributed throughout both the nucleus and cytoplasm of the mantle epithelium but CaLP was distributed only in the cytoplasm. The functions of these two proteins in biomineralization were investigated by shell regeneration. During this process, the expressions of CaM and CaLP were greatly enhanced in different organelles of the mantle epithelium. Overexpression of these two proteins and a mutant of calmodulin-like protein (M-CaLP) that lacks an extra C-terminal tail in MC3T3-E1 promoted the mRNA expression of osteopontin, a biomineralization marker for osteoblasts. All of the results indicated that CaM and CaLP have completely different distributions in the mantle epithelium and affect the biomineralization process at different levels. The extra C-terminal tail of CaLP is important for its functions in biomineralization in Pinctada fucata.     

柱前衍生化-HPLC测定马氏珠母贝肉中氨基酸的含量

以邻苯二甲醛-9-芴甲基氯甲酸酯为衍生化试剂,对氨基酸进行柱前衍生,建立了35℃下,醋酸钠缓冲液、甲醇及乙腈为流动相,用Eclipse AAA氨基酸分析柱和二极管阵列检测器的氨基酸色谱分析方法,18种氨基酸在36 min内获得了较好的分离,在一定浓度范围内,氨基酸的峰面积与浓度的线性相关系数在0.990 6～0.999 8之间,相对标准偏差为1.96%～5.45%(n=5).并测定了马氏珠母贝肉蛋白中氨基酸的组成和含量.结果表明,马氏珠母贝肉蛋白中含有至少18种氨基酸,其中8种必须氨基酸总含量达39%以上,是一种优质的功能食品原料.     

超滤分离对马氏珍珠贝肉蛋白酶解液特性的影响

研究了马氏珍珠贝肉蛋白酶解液在超滤过程中膜通量的变化及超滤前后感官评价、肽分子量分布以及氨基酸的变化,对超滤膜的选择性及分离效果进行了评价和分析.实验结果表明,马氏珍珠贝肉蛋白酶解液在超滤过程中,随着超滤时间的延长,膜通量不断减小,透过液的鲜味明显提高,腥味和苦味基本消失,透过液中含有分子量大于截留分子量（5000 Da）的多肽,超滤膜实际有效截留分子量约为7000 Da~8000 Da,分子量小于4500 Da左右的多肽在透过液中得到有效富集.超滤处理后,同一氨基酸在总氨基酸和游离氨基酸中含量的变化均不一致,透过液肽态氨基酸中鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸比例高于原酶解液,而苦味氨基酸和疏水性氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例均低于原酶解液.