Temporal and spatial distribution of tropospheric CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> over China based on satellite observations

Mid-troposphere CO₂ data retrieved by the AIRS (atmospheric infrared sounder) were validated with five ground-based stations and aircraft measurements in the Northern Hemisphere. AIRS CO₂ products show good agreement with ground and aircraft observations. The data had a monthly average accuracy better than 3 ppmv. In this study, the spatial and temporal distribution of mid-troposphere CO₂ from January 2003 to December 2008 was analyzed based on this satellite product. The average concentration of atmospheric CO₂ was higher in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. The yearly average results show a gradual increase from 2003 to 2008. In China, the annual growth rate was about 2 ppmv/a, similar to the United States, Europe, Australia and India, but was slightly lower than Canada and Russia. Mid-troposphere CO₂ concentrations were higher over northern China than over southern areas, due to differences in natural conditions and industrial layout. There were four centers of high CO₂ concentration between 35° and 45°N over China, with low concentrations over Yunnan Province. There was a significant seasonal CO₂ variation with peak concentration in spring and the lowest concentration in autumn.     

面向大社交数据的深度分析与挖掘

社交网络在线化是大数据时代的典型特点,也是大数据产生的重要原因之一.本文从大数据的特点着手,结合互联网络尤其是在线社交网络的发展趋势,介绍大数据在提升国家信息产业科学化水平、引领新型互联网经济发展、推动社会学与信息科学交叉发展等方面带来的重大机遇;分析在线社会网络中存在的关键问题,阐述网络大数据研究在语义理解与分析、多模态关联与融合、群体行为分析与挖掘、多维分析与可视化、系统的研发与集成等方面面临的巨大技术挑战,以及当前国内外在大数据分析和在线社交网络领域的主要研究工作;总结和展望网络大数据研究的未来方向和前景.     

Study on cellular internalization of poly（vinyldiaminotriazine）-based hydrogen bonding type non-viral transgene vector

Previously we successfully prepared poly（vinyldiaminotriazine）（PVDT）-based non-viral vectors which complexed piasmid DNA via hydrogen bonding with adenine-thymine base pairs, in this report, surface charges and complex sizes of this system were further examined. The results showed that PVDT-based polymer could cover surface charges of DNA resulting in slightly negative or neutral complexes. It was also found that the complex sizes were governed by two events： the aggregation induced by the instability of neutral particles, and more compact complexes produced by PVDT-based polymers. In the study of cellular uptake, chlorpromazine and filipin III were used to inhibit clathrin-and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, respectively. We found that PVDT-based systems were transported into cells via a non-clathrin, non-caveolae mediated endocytosis. This special process was studied by temperature inhibition and kinetics assays. It was revealed that such a pathway was characterized by （i） a more en- ergy dependent process and （ii） a much slow transfection-effective internalization.     

Spatiotemporal variations in mid-upper tropospheric methane over China from satellite observations

Spaceborne measurements by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS/Aqua satellite provide a global view of methane (CH 4 ) distribution in the mid-upper troposphere (MUT-CH 4 ). The focus of this study is to analyze the spatiotemporal varia- tions in MUT-CH 4 over China from 2003 to 2008. Validation of AIRS CH 4 products versus Fourier transform infrared profiles demonstrates that its RMS error is mostly less than 1.5%. A typical atmospheric methane profile is found that shows how concentrations decrease as height increases because of surface emissions. We found that an important feature in the seasonal variation in CH 4 is the two peaks that exist in summer and winter in most parts of China, which is also observed in in-situ measurements at Mt. Waliguan, Qinghai Province, China (36.2879°N 100.8964°E, 3810 m). Also, in the summer, only one peak existed in western and southern China since there are no more significant anthropogenic sources in winter than at any other time of the year. Further analysis of the deseasonalized time-series of AIRS CH 4 in three fixed pressure layers of AIRS from 2003 to 2008 indicates that CH 4 in the Northern Hemisphere has increased abruptly since 2007, with no significant increase occurring before 2007. The increase in China is generally more significant than in other areas around the world, which again correlates with in-situ measurements at Mt. Waliguan.     

负载Cu金属有序介孔氧化铝催化剂的制备及表征

采用等体积浸渍和原位合成方法以硝酸铝作为铝源,聚乙二醇1540为模板剂,磷酸氢二铵为辅助剂,硝酸铜为铜源,制备出负载铜金属有序介孔氧化铝催化剂,并采用氮等温吸附—脱附线、透射电镜、X射线衍射、热失重分析多种测试技术对合成催化剂的物理化学性质和结构特征进行了表征。实验结果表明,两种方法均可以制备出比表面积大（大于210m2/g）、孔径分布窄（4nm左右）的负载铜金属介孔氧化铝催化剂。与等体积浸渍法相比,原位合成法所制备的负载Cu金属有序介孔氧化铝金属铜在载体上的分布更均匀,铜离子与载体的相互作用力更强,且孔结构的有序性较好。     

Enhancement of transfection efficiency for HeLa cells via incorporating arsinine moiety into chitosan

Arginine-rich peptides have attracted considerable attention due to their distinct internalization mechanism. It was reported that arginine and guanidino moieties were able to translocate through cell membranes and played a critical role in the process of membrane permeation. In this work, arginine was conjugated to the backbone of chitosan to form a novel chitosan derivative, arginine modified chitosan （Arg-CS）. Arg-CS/DNA complexes were prepared according to the method of coacervation process. The physicochemical properties of Arg-CS and Arg-CS/DNA complexes were characterized and the transfection activity and efficiency mediated by Arg-CS/DNA complexes were investigated taking HeLa cells as target cells. Arg-CS was characterized by FTIR and ^13C NMR. Arg-CS/DNA polyelectrolyte complexes were investigated by agarose gel retardation, dynamic light scattering （DLS） and atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The results revealed that the Arg-CS/DNA complexes started to form at N/P ratio of 2：1, and the size of particles varied from 100 to 180 nm. The cytotoxicity of Arg-CS and their complexes with plasmid DNA were determined by MTT assay for HeLa cells, and the results suggested that Arg-CS/DNA complexes were slightly less toxic than Arg-CS. Moreover, the derivative alone and their complexes showed significantly lower toxicity than PEI and PEI/DNA complexes, respectively. Taking HeLa cells as target cells and using pGL3-control as reporter gene, the luciferase expression mediated by Arg-CS was greatly enhanced to about 100 folds compared with the luciferase expression mediated by chitosan at different pH media. These results suggest that Arg-CS is a promising candidate as a safe and efficient vector for gene delivery and transfection.