Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript> signals,cell membrane disintegration,and activation of TMEM16F during necroptosis

Activated receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain like (MLKL) are essential components of the necroptotic pathway. Phosphorylated MLKL (pMLKL) is thought to induce membrane leakage, leading to cell swelling and disintegration of the cell membrane. However, the molecular identity of the necroptotic membrane pore remains unclear, and the role of pMLKL for membrane permeabilization is currently disputed. We observed earlier that the phospholipid scramblase and ion channel TMEM16F/anoctamin 6 cause large membrane currents, cell swelling, and cell death when activated by a strong increase in intracellular Ca²⁺. We, therefore, asked whether TMEM16F is also central to necroptotic cell death and other cellular events during necroptosis. Necroptosis was induced by TNFα, smac mimetic, and Z-VAD (TSZ) in NIH3T3 fibroblasts and the four additional cell lines HT₂₉, 16HBE, H441, and L929. Time-dependent changes in intracellular Ca²⁺, cell morphology, and membrane currents were recorded. TSZ induced a small and only transient oscillatory rise in intracellular Ca²⁺, which was paralleled by the activation of outwardly rectifying Cl^? currents, which were typical for TMEM16F/ANO6. Ca²⁺ oscillations were due to Ca²⁺ release from endoplasmic reticulum, and were independent of extracellular Ca²⁺. The initial TSZ-induced cell swelling was followed by cell shrinkage. Using typical channel blockers and siRNA-knockdown, the Cl^? currents were shown to be due to the activation of ANO6. However, the knockdown of ANO6 or inhibitors of ANO6 did not inhibit necroptotic cell death. The present data demonstrate the activation of ANO6 during necroptosis, which, however, is not essential for cell death.     

中药和泰药提取物对褐点石斑鱼的免疫效果

采用酒精萃取法,从8种中药和2种泰药中提取了有效成分,并通过氮蓝四唑(NBT)还原法检测了褐点石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)白细胞产生氧负离子能力的强弱和吞噬活性,开展了以上药物对褐点石斑鱼的免疫效果研究.白细胞氧负离子检测的结果表明:当药物萃取物质量浓度为10 g.L-1时,香菇组(C4)的免疫效果最好;当药物萃取物质量浓度为5 g.L-1时,所有实验组的免疫效果均不明显;当药物萃取物质量浓度为2.5 g.L-1和1.25 g.L-1时,黄芪组(C3)、香菇组(C4)、红参组(C5)和复方1组(C7)的免疫效果最为突出;而当药物萃取物质量浓度为0.625 g.L-1时,黄芪组(C3)、杜仲组(C2)和姜黄组(T1)的免疫效果最为突出.白细胞吞噬活性的检测结果表明:红参组(C5)、香菇组(C4)、黄芪组(C3)及复方1组(C7)这4个试验组的白细胞吞噬活性极显著高于对照组(P<0.01).因此认为:红参、香菇、黄芪及生脉玉屏风散这4种药物的萃取物能明显提高褐点石斑鱼的非特异性免疫力,这为今后开展褐点石斑鱼的新型安全的免疫增加剂的研究奠定了良好基础.