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Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
Lin X Kaul S Rounsley S Shea TP Benito MI Town CD Fujii CY Mason T Bowman CL Barnstead M Feldblyum TV Buell CR Ketchum KA Lee J Ronning CM Koo HL Moffat KS Cronin LA Shen M Pai G Van Aken S Umayam L Tallon LJ Gill JE Adams MD Carrera AJ Creasy TH Goodman HM Somerville CR Copenhaver GP Preuss D Nierman WC White O Eisen JA Salzberg SL Fraser CM Venter JC 《Nature》1999,402(6763):761-768
Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) is unique among plant model organisms in having a small genome (130-140 Mb), excellent physical and genetic maps, and little repetitive DNA. Here we report the sequence of chromosome 2 from the Columbia ecotype in two gap-free assemblies (contigs) of 3.6 and 16 megabases (Mb). The latter represents the longest published stretch of uninterrupted DNA sequence assembled from any organism to date. Chromosome 2 represents 15% of the genome and encodes 4,037 genes, 49% of which have no predicted function. Roughly 250 tandem gene duplications were found in addition to large-scale duplications of about 0.5 and 4.5 Mb between chromosomes 2 and 1 and between chromosomes 2 and 4, respectively. Sequencing of nearly 2 Mb within the genetically defined centromere revealed a low density of recognizable genes, and a high density and diverse range of vestigial and presumably inactive mobile elements. More unexpected is what appears to be a recent insertion of a continuous stretch of 75% of the mitochondrial genome into chromosome 2. 相似文献
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Read TD Peterson SN Tourasse N Baillie LW Paulsen IT Nelson KE Tettelin H Fouts DE Eisen JA Gill SR Holtzapple EK Okstad OA Helgason E Rilstone J Wu M Kolonay JF Beanan MJ Dodson RJ Brinkac LM Gwinn M DeBoy RT Madpu R Daugherty SC Durkin AS Haft DH Nelson WC Peterson JD Pop M Khouri HM Radune D Benton JL Mahamoud Y Jiang L Hance IR Weidman JF Berry KJ Plaut RD Wolf AM Watkins KL Nierman WC Hazen A Cline R Redmond C Thwaite JE White O Salzberg SL Thomason B Friedlander AM Koehler TM Hanna PC 《Nature》2003,423(6935):81-86
Bacillus anthracis is an endospore-forming bacterium that causes inhalational anthrax. Key virulence genes are found on plasmids (extra-chromosomal, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules) pXO1 (ref. 2) and pXO2 (ref. 3). To identify additional genes that might contribute to virulence, we analysed the complete sequence of the chromosome of B. anthracis Ames (about 5.23 megabases). We found several chromosomally encoded proteins that may contribute to pathogenicity--including haemolysins, phospholipases and iron acquisition functions--and identified numerous surface proteins that might be important targets for vaccines and drugs. Almost all these putative chromosomal virulence and surface proteins have homologues in Bacillus cereus, highlighting the similarity of B. anthracis to near-neighbours that are not associated with anthrax. By performing a comparative genome hybridization of 19 B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains against a B. anthracis DNA microarray, we confirmed the general similarity of chromosomal genes among this group of close relatives. However, we found that the gene sequences of pXO1 and pXO2 were more variable between strains, suggesting plasmid mobility in the group. The complete sequence of B. anthracis is a step towards a better understanding of anthrax pathogenesis. 相似文献
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Ross DT Scherf U Eisen MB Perou CM Rees C Spellman P Iyer V Jeffrey SS Van de Rijn M Waltham M Pergamenschikov A Lee JC Lashkari D Shalon D Myers TG Weinstein JN Botstein D Brown PO 《Nature genetics》2000,24(3):227-235
We used cDNA microarrays to explore the variation in expression of approximately 8,000 unique genes among the 60 cell lines used in the National Cancer Institute's screen for anti-cancer drugs. Classification of the cell lines based solely on the observed patterns of gene expression revealed a correspondence to the ostensible origins of the tumours from which the cell lines were derived. The consistent relationship between the gene expression patterns and the tissue of origin allowed us to recognize outliers whose previous classification appeared incorrect. Specific features of the gene expression patterns appeared to be related to physiological properties of the cell lines, such as their doubling time in culture, drug metabolism or the interferon response. Comparison of gene expression patterns in the cell lines to those observed in normal breast tissue or in breast tumour specimens revealed features of the expression patterns in the tumours that had recognizable counterparts in specific cell lines, reflecting the tumour, stromal and inflammatory components of the tumour tissue. These results provided a novel molecular characterization of this important group of human cell lines and their relationships to tumours in vivo. 相似文献
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Molecular portraits of human breast tumours 总被引:181,自引:0,他引:181
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DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
Heidelberg JF Eisen JA Nelson WC Clayton RA Gwinn ML Dodson RJ Haft DH Hickey EK Peterson JD Umayam L Gill SR Nelson KE Read TD Tettelin H Richardson D Ermolaeva MD Vamathevan J Bass S Qin H Dragoi I Sellers P McDonald L Utterback T Fleishmann RD Nierman WC White O Salzberg SL Smith HO Colwell RR Mekalanos JJ Venter JC Fraser CM 《Nature》2000,406(6795):477-483
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Pathway selection by growth cones of identified motoneurones in live zebra fish embryos 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
How is the adult pattern of connections between motoneurones and the muscles that they innervate established during vertebrate development? Populations of motoneurones are thought to follow one of two patterns of development: (1) motor axons initially follow stereotyped pathways and project to appropriate regions of the developing muscle or (2) motor axons initially project to some regions that are incorrect, the inappropriate projections being eliminated subsequently. Here we observed individually identified motoneurones in live zebra fish embryos as they formed growth cones and as their growth cones navigated towards their targets. We report that from axogenesis, each motor axon followed a stereotyped pathway and projected only to the specific region of the muscle appropriate for its adult function. In addition, the peripheral arbor established by each motoneurone was restricted to a stereotyped region of its own segment and did not overlap with the peripheral arbor of the other motoneurones in that segment. We conclude that the highly stereotyped pattern of innervation seen in the adult is due to initial selection of the appropriate pathway, rather than elimination of incorrect projections. 相似文献
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