美和道德教育

提出假设一:对自然界和艺术进行美的认知与敏锐感受,可以导致人们在人类社会生活中对道德美的认知,这一假设没有实验研究法来证明．是从理性推理上进行探究的;提出假设二:道德美的认知可以导致道德情感,特别是体验“崇高”的道德情感可以导致道德行动的倾向(忠实于社会道德行为规范),这一假设被近来出现的一些研究证据给以支持。提议设计一些课程和指导来强调道德美的例证,并且鼓励学生们去体验道德情感,特别是“崇高”的情感。在感知自然界、艺术和人类的美的方面,重点是强调“多样性中的统一性”原则的作用。     

Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon. With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses. As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world’s major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve ‘health’: about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.