火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定地表水中铜含量的不确定度评定

根据GB 7475—87《水质铜、锌、铅、镉的测定火焰原子吸收分光光度法》建立地表水样测定的数学模型,并根据JJF 1059.1—2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》的要求,计算测量过程中的不确定度分量,最终得出扩展不确定度.经检测计算,该地表水样品中的铜含量为1.53 mg/L,其扩展不确定度为0.036 mg/L,包含因子k=2,地表水样品中铜含量的测量结果应报告为(1.53±0.036) mg/L, k=2.结果表明,火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定地表水样中铜含量的不确定度主要来源于标准曲线拟合、标准溶液配制和样品重复测量.     

双重不确定冷贮备系统的可靠性分析

运用不确定理论研究了无充足样本的冷贮备冗余系统。假设系统所有元件的寿命服从具有不确定参数且相互独立的不确定分布,基于可靠度函数和平均寿命建立了3类冗余系统可靠性的数学模型:转换开关完全可靠型、转换开关离散型、转换开关连续型的冷贮备系统。此外,针对元件寿命为独立同分布的特殊情况进行了分析,给出数值算例,进一步印证模型的合理性。     

新不确定度量下的冲突证据融合

针对证据高度冲突的情况下,DS证据理论在实际应用中出现错误融合结果的问题,提出基于不确定度的冲突解决方法.首先分析现有的不确定度量方法的不足,研究基本概率赋值本身所包含的信息,提出一种新的对证据不确定性度量的方法;依据新的不确定度量,结合证据距离生成权重来修正待组合证据体,再利用Dempster规则完成证据组合,可有效解决证据高度冲突情况下的信息融合问题,最后通过算例验证了该方法的有效性.     

Multi-model ensembles in climate science: Mathematical structures and expert judgements

Projections of future climate change cannot rely on a single model. It has become common to rely on multiple simulations generated by Multi-Model Ensembles (MMEs), especially to quantify the uncertainty about what would constitute an adequate model structure. But, as Parker points out (2018), one of the remaining philosophically interesting questions is: “How can ensemble studies be designed so that they probe uncertainty in desired ways?” This paper offers two interpretations of what General Circulation Models (GCMs) are and how MMEs made of GCMs should be designed. In the first interpretation, models are combinations of modules and parameterisations; an MME is obtained by “plugging and playing” with interchangeable modules and parameterisations. In the second interpretation, models are aggregations of expert judgements that result from a history of epistemic decisions made by scientists about the choice of representations; an MME is a sampling of expert judgements from modelling teams. We argue that, while the two interpretations involve distinct domains from philosophy of science and social epistemology, they both could be used in a complementary manner in order to explore ways of designing better MMEs.     

Forecasting and nowcasting emerging market GDP growth rates: The role of latent global economic policy uncertainty and macroeconomic data surprise factors

In this paper, we assess the predictive content of latent economic policy uncertainty and data surprise factors for forecasting and nowcasting gross domestic product (GDP) using factor-type econometric models. Our analysis focuses on five emerging market economies: Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey; and we carry out a forecasting horse race in which predictions from various different models are compared. These models may (or may not) contain latent uncertainty and surprise factors constructed using both local and global economic datasets. The set of models that we examine in our experiments includes both simple benchmark linear econometric models as well as dynamic factor models that are estimated using a variety of frequentist and Bayesian data shrinkage methods based on the least absolute shrinkage operator (LASSO). We find that the inclusion of our new uncertainty and surprise factors leads to superior predictions of GDP growth, particularly when these latent factors are constructed using Bayesian variants of the LASSO. Overall, our findings point to the importance of spillover effects from global uncertainty and data surprises, when predicting GDP growth in emerging market economies.     

车载北斗导航仪电源线传导发射测试

针对国内车载导航产品存在电磁兼容性测试不合格的问题,对某型车载北斗导航仪进行了电源线传导发射测试研究.首先分析了线性阻抗稳定网络(LISN)在测试中的重要作用,继而搭建测试平台分别测试了导航仪处于不同状态下的零线、火线传导发射,并评估了测量不确定度.为了对干扰信号的时频特性作进一步的分析,引入了短时傅里叶变换(STFFT)的分析方法.     

砝码表面状态预测及质量吸附修正研究动向

质量实物基准是所有基本量中唯一的实物基准,其缺点是容易受到环境的影响而造成质量的改变。总结了国内外计量院所对砝码表面状态预测方面的研究动向,指出了各国计量院所开展砝码表面状态预测研究的方向,包括:分析质量标准在"空气"和"真空"条件下传递时对质量标准造成的影响,建立砝码质量观测模型及吸附修正模型等。对砝码表面状态的研究和吸附修正技术的研究,最终可以提高质量测量的准确度,为即将到来的质量单位的重新定义研究打下技术基础。     

Does a lot help a lot? Forecasting stock returns with pooling strategies in a data‐rich environment

A variety of recent studies provide a skeptical view on the predictability of stock returns. Empirical evidence shows that most prediction models suffer from a loss of information, model uncertainty, and structural instability by relying on low‐dimensional information sets. In this study, we evaluate the predictive ability of various lately refined forecasting strategies, which handle these issues by incorporating information from many potential predictor variables simultaneously. We investigate whether forecasting strategies that (i) combine information and (ii) combine individual forecasts are useful to predict US stock returns, that is, the market excess return, size, value, and the momentum premium. Our results show that methods combining information have remarkable in‐sample predictive ability. However, the out‐of‐sample performance suffers from highly volatile forecast errors. Forecast combinations face a better bias–efficiency trade‐off, yielding a consistently superior forecast performance for the market excess return and the size premium even after the 1970s.     

双时相影像联合不确定性对变化检测精度的影响机理探索

研究了双时相影像的联合不确定性对变化检测结果精度的影响机理，为通过抑制不确定性的方法提高变化检测精度的工作奠定理论基础.首先利用联合熵对双时相影像的联合不确定性进行量化评估；进而基于空间统计相关方法，研究影像的联合不确定性与双时相影像变化检测精度指标之间的关系；最后建立双时相影像联合不确定性对变化检测结果精度的作用模型.实验结果表明：双时相影像的联合不确定性与变化检测结果的精度之间呈现出强负相关性，且对变化检测结果精度的影响模式具有线性特征.     

不确定与损毁情景下可靠性设施选址鲁棒优化模型与算法研究

设施选址是长期战略性决策问题,选址决策面临各种不确定因素,设计一个可靠的选址网络具有重要的战略意义.本文同时考虑需求的不确定性及设施可能损毁的情景,扩展无容量限制的固定费用可靠性选址模型,建立不确定与损毁情景下服务能力有限的可靠性设施选址鲁棒优化模型.基于Bertsimas和Sim鲁棒优化方法提出一个新的混合整数规划模型,通过引入辅助变量和对偶变换实现非线性鲁棒优化模型转化为鲁棒对应模型,提出蝙蝠算法(BA)对模型予以求解,并通过算例仿真验证模型和算法的可行性,为设施选址决策提供模型和方法设计.