李雅普诺夫：逐梦唯美天空的俄罗斯数学家

 李雅普诺夫是圣彼得堡数学学派的中流砥柱，创立了运动稳定性理论、旋转液团平衡形状理论和微分方程定性理论，探索了概率论中心极限定理和一系列其他深刻数学力学问题，为俄罗斯跻身世界科技强国做出了卓越贡献。通过采撷李雅普诺夫的动人爱情诗篇和唯美科学奋斗目标，展示了其美丽的爱情观和追求卓越的科学精神、人生观和宇宙观。     

阶次自适应AR等效电路模型的锂电池SOC滑模观测

基于等效电路模型的一类车载动力电池剩余荷电状态(state of charge，SOC)的估算方法，其估算精度高度依赖于模型精度，模型精度又正比于模型复杂度，以至于难以较好地应用于嵌入式控制单元.提出复杂度相对较低、能够自适应确定最优模型阶次的全新等效电路模型——基于阶次自适应AR模型的车载动力电池等效电路灰箱模型.基于此灰箱模型，给出锂离子电池SOC的滑模观测器设计推导及能观性、收敛性证明.结果表明，本文提出的基于阶次自适应AR等效电路灰箱模型的滑模观测器SOC估算方法(adaptive autoregressive-sliding mode observer，AAR-SMO)具有低模型复杂度、高精度、强鲁棒性及快速收敛等性能.     

应用性追求:中国高等教育人才培养的 长时段历史考察

中国应用型人才培养的实践并非新近的事情。从长时段历史考察,中国共产党与中华人民共和国对于应用型人才的培养探索甚至渊源于150年前的近代转型传统。与主张“君子不器”的传统高等教育不同,近现代意义上的制度化高等教育自引入中国之日起,就一直肩负着国家层面赋予的应用型人才培养任务,甚至并未因社会制度变革而中断。晚清时期,朝廷与精英基于“师夷长技以制夷”兴办了一批具有专科性质的学堂;南京国民政府基于毕业生失业严重以及“高等教育破产”的争议,着眼于调整高等教育结构;中华人民共和国成立初期,基于“专门人才”急需而实施院系调整与专业细分;改革开放以来,基于就业制度市场化变革与高等教育分类发展需要而作出院校转型的决策部署。这些政策及措施意味着高等教育承载着国家(政府)的意志和期待、民族(社会)的渴望和要求。在中国高等教育后续发展中,应注意高等教育的理想类型与现实复杂性之间的问题,努力在创新知识生产模式中推动应用型高等教育的内涵式发展。     

R型半胱氨酸体系电荷转移百分数的理论计算

采用密度泛函理论中的CAM-B3LYP方法, 在6-31G(d)基组水平上优化气相条件下R型半胱氨酸(R-Cys)分子的几何构型, 理论研究电子激发过程中R-Cys体系片段间的电荷转移特征, 并基于弛豫与非弛豫激发态密度计算片段间的电荷转移百分数. 结果表明: 对于SH片段, S0到S3的电荷转移百分数为57.96%； 对于COOH片段, S0到S1~S5各激发态的电荷转移百分数均为负值, 二者电荷转移的定性结果一致； 对于NH2片段, S0到S1和S4的电荷转移百分数分别为6.98%和31.45%.     

Observations of water-flea Daphnia magna and avian fecalia in rock pools: is traditional natural history reporting still relevant for science?

Unexpected observation of freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna in temporary rock pools on a small island off the Norwegian Atlantic coast confirms colonising ability, mediated through avian dispersal. Robust diapausal eggs of D. magna pass the gut of migrating geese and subsequently hatch in environments where such waterfowl forage and rest along migrating routes. The incubation experiment demonstrates that decomposing fecalia of geese constitute sufficient feed to support developing populations of D. magna in experimental oligotrophic conditions. The findings also show that D. magna is highly adapted for colonisation of temporary pools north of the Arctic Polar Circle, with excellent tolerance to low temperatures. Discussion part I relates the findings to published evidence on avian transport of invertebrate propagules, such as correlations between migration patterns of waterfowl and geographical patterns of aquatic invertebrate diversity. Discussion part II reflects on academic cultures, epistemological aspects of natural history reporting, the presence of a whale cadaver as an ecological indicator and the relevance of simple observation as a starting point for further discourse.     

Antennae and the role of olfaction and contact stimulation in mate recognition by males of the pollinating fig wasp Ceratosolen gravelyi (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)

Finding a mate is a crucial step in sexual reproduction. The mutualism between figs and their pollinators is exploited by many figwasps that develop within their galls and attain sexual maturity simultaneously. Male pollinators carry the specific burden of detecting and opening mating holes in galls containing conspecific females before mating with them. The mating behaviourand antennal sensilla of male pollinators associated with Ficus semicordata was investigated to understand mate recognition. Male Ceratosolen gravelyi located female-containing galls from a distance, but only attempted to chew a mating hole after antennal contact with the gall surface was made. They showed similar responses to females and body extracts but failed to respond to washed female bodies. This behaviour indicates that unidentified chemicals present on the body surfaces of females are sufficient to elicit olfactory attraction and tactile confirmation. Multiporous plate sensilla are candidates for olfactory reception from a distance while basiconic sensilla may be involved in contact chemoreceptor. All of the sensilla are highly localised, on the distal part of the terminal flagellomere, suggesting a response to selection for strong directionality in the complex odour environment of the fig in which messages produced by hundreds of females may confuse precise mate localisation.     

不同频域地震动下混合被动控制体系的减隔震效果

以高层框架结构为对象,提出一种结合分段隔震和相邻建筑物连接阻尼器耗能的新型混合被动控制体系,能有效应对宽频地面运动,具有较高的鲁棒性和冗余度.通过对同一高层建筑结构分别采用无隔震形式、分段隔震形式和混合被动控制形式进行数值模拟,考察短周期波、含滑冲效应脉冲波和长周期波作用下分段隔震体系和混合被动控制体系的减隔震效果.研究表明,短周期波作用下分段隔震体系控制效果较好,但在含滑冲效应脉冲波和长周期波作用下分段隔震效果不佳,基础隔震层和中间隔震层的位移较大,存在超出支座位移限值的可能,而采用混合被动控制体系能有效减小隔震层的位移,显著提高结构减隔震效果,且当中间隔震层设置在结构中部时混合被动控制体系的减隔震效果较好.     

From aether impulse to QED: Sommerfeld and the Bremsstrahlen theory

The radiation that is due to the braking of charged particles has been in the focus of theoretical physics since the discovery of X-rays by the end of the 19th century. The impact of cathode rays in the anti-cathode of an X-ray tube that resulted in the production of X-rays led to the view that X-rays are aether impulses spreading from the site of the impact. In 1909, Arnold Sommerfeld calculated from Maxwell׳s equations the angular distribution of electromagnetic radiation due to the braking of electrons. He thereby coined the notion of “Bremsstrahlen.” In 1923, Hendrik A. Kramers provided a quantum theoretical explanation of this process by means of Bohr׳s correspondence principle. With the advent of quantum mechanics the theory of bremsstrahlung became a target of opportunity for theorists like Yoshikatsu Sugiura, Robert Oppenheimer, and–again–Sommerfeld, who presented in 1931 a comprehensive treatise on this subject. Throughout the 1930s, Sommerfeld׳s disciples in Munich and elsewhere extended and improved the bremsstrahlen theory. Hans Bethe and Walter Heitler, in particular, in 1934 presented a theory that was later regarded as “the most important achievement of QED in the 1930s” (Freeman Dyson). From a historical perspective the bremsstrahlen problem may be regarded as a probe for the evolution of theories in response to revolutionary changes in the underlying principles.