Adaptive Order Polynomial Fitting for Pulmonary Nodule Segmentation in Chest Radiograph

Segmentation of pulmonary nodules in chest radiographs is a particularly challenging task due to heavy noise and superposition of fibs, vessels, and other complicated anatomical structures in lung field. In this paper, an adaptive order polynomial fitting based ray- casting algorithm is proposed for pulmonary nodule segmentation in chest radiographs. Instead of detecting nodule edge points directly, the nodule intensity proffies are first fitted by using the polynomials with adaptively determined orders. Then, the edge positions are identified through analyzing the local minimum of the fitted curves. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated over an image database with 148 nodule cases in chest radiographs that were collected from a variety of digital radiograph modalities. The preliminary results show the proposed algorithm can obtain a high rate of successful segmentations.     

不典型肺脓肿的CT影像诊断及28例临床分析

目的探讨不典型肺脓肿的CT特点.方法重点分析28例不典型肺脓肿的CT影像表现.结果不典型肺脓肿可分为孤立团块型和不规则浸润型,且具有以下共同CT特点:局限融解或小空洞、局部充血征、边缘粗长索条影、周围局限浸润片影和邻近胸膜增厚粘连.结论明确脓腔的存在和病灶周围的炎性改变是确定诊断和鉴别的关键.     

Carbon isotopic compositions of pore and matrix carbonates in carbonate nodules, and origin of carbonate formation

Carbon isotopes of pedogenic carbonate are often used to study paleoenvironments, but the existence of detrital carbonate changes the carbon isotopic composition. To develop an experimental method to determine existence of detrital carbonate in carbonate nodules, and to avoid it during isotope analysis, 23 pedogenic carbonate nodules in Miocene loess from the Loess Plateau of China were studied through micromorphology and carbon isotope analysis. The difference in carbon isotopic composition between matrix carbonate (B) and pore carbonate (A) (δ¹³C_(B-A)) ranges from 0.27‰ to 0.44‰ in nodules containing detrital carbonate and –0.16‰ to 0.13‰ in nodules where detrital carbonate is absent. The latter is within measurement error, but the former is beyond it. Here we propose an isotopic approach to determine if nodules contain detrital carbonate: if δ¹³C_(B-A) is within the measurement error, the nodules do not contain detrital carbonate, and vice versa. We suggest that it is better to analyze pore carbonate instead of matrix carbonate when using carbon isotope of carbonate nodules to reconstruct paleoenvironments.     

基于遗传算法和支持向量机的肺结节检测

针对圆点滤波器不能区分粘连血管型结节、血管端点和血管交叉结构,造成假阳率高的问题,提出基于改进遗传算法封装模型的特征选择算法,并把最优特征组合输入到支持向量机分类器,该分离器能做到检测肺结节时漏检率低同时降低假阳率。选出七个特征(其中包含两种新提出的特征)作为最优特征组合。用含有肺结节的CT影像数据库(50个结节和961个假阳)测试分类器的性能,得到敏感性100%和特异性95.5%的效果。实验结果表明,该框架和算法能应用到临床中来提高影像科医生的阅片效率。改进的遗传算法比传统的遗传算法能搜索到更优的特征组合。     

一种改进的边界法向量叠加疑似肺结节提取

对边界法向量叠加法进行改进,提出一种基于局部形状约束和自适应设定法向量大小的边界法向量叠加疑似肺结节提取方法.首先用自适应阈值方法对肺实质图像进行分割,得到初始ROI区域;然后判断初始ROI区域边界点的局部凸凹性特征,对满足凸性特征的边界点计算法向量方向,并且自适应设定法向量的大小,将初始ROI区域的边界点法向量叠加;最后对局部最大叠加值进行选择,可以检测出不同大小的圆形疑似肺结节.边界法向量叠加前使用局部凸凹性特征约束,能减少法向量叠加计算量;自适应设定法向量大小能克服检测固定大小肺结节的局限性.实验结果表明,改进算法可以较好地检测疑似肺结节区域,对不同大小的肺结节都有很好的适用性.     

融合卷积神经网络和流形学习的肺结节检测

U-net是常用的医学图像分割网络,但仍存在卷积神经网络中泛化能力差、容易过拟合的缺点.针对其缺点,研究全卷积肺结节分割网络,引入随机失活层,采用新的激活函、损失函数、优化器等改进网络结构,改进后的网络具有更高的查全率.然后融合改进重构权值的局部线性嵌入算法对特征进行提取,最后采用XGBoost分类器进行最后的筛选分类.通过实验验证表明,得到实融合以上两种算法的肺结节检测具有更高的准确率更高的准确率和更好的泛化性,可以应用于肺结节检测.     

Eph受体家族和Ephrin-A5在NSCLCs中上调表达及其临床意义

采用荧光实时定量PCR的方法在48个非小细胞肺癌组织以及配对的正常肺组织中检测Eph/ephrin 基因的mRNA水平.发现肺癌组织中EphB4, EphB3 和 ephrin-A5的表达水平与配对的正常肺组织相比分别上调了60%,81%和65%,并具有显著的统计学差异. 而且,统计学分析发现ephrin-A5的表达水平与肿瘤分型、转移、性别、吸烟以及诊断年龄等临床病理学参数之间存在显著的相关性.此外,EphA2的表达水平与肿瘤大小、家族遗传史以及诊断年龄之间也存在显著的相关性.总之,这些结果提示EphB4, EphA2, EphB3 和ephrin-A5 在肺癌的发生和发展过程中可能以一种单独或者协同的形式发挥作用.这些蛋白有可能成为研究和诊断肺癌的重要靶向基因.     

肿瘤病人红细胞膜唾液酸和岩藻糖含量的研究

本文测定健康人66例,胃癌、肺癌、肝癌病人共64例的红细胞膜唾液酸和岩藻糖含量。发现健康人上述两项指标没有性别和年龄的差异。与健康组比较,各癌症组红细胞膜唾液酸显著增多(p<0.001),而岩藻糖显著减少(p<0.001),但含量较分散、与健康者重叠较大。红细胞膜唾液酸与岩藻糖之比、各癌症组都高于健康组(p<0.001);以高于健康组M+2SD 者为阳性,则胃癌组、肺癌组和肝癌组的阳性率分别为79.2％,95.0％和80.0％,对肿瘤理论研究和临床诊断颇有价值。     

“害获灭”(Ivomec)对牦牛消化道线虫和肺线虫的驱除试验

我们于1990年4月—11月在国内首次用“害获灭”对28头牦牛的消化道线虫和肺线虫进行了驱除试验。结果表明,“害获灭”按每公斤体重150、175、200微克颈部皮下注射,对牛仰口线虫 B.Phlebotomum 的驱虫率为90.1、100、100%,对叶氏夏伯特线虫C.erschowi 为78、100、100%,对辐射结节虫 O.radiatum 为94.3、100、100%,对球形毛首线虫 T.globulosa 为93.0、97.3、97.3%,对美丽筒线虫 G.pulchrum 为83.0、100100%,对胎生网尾线虫 D.viviparus 为100、100、100%,用200微克时对兰氏毛首线虫的驱虫率为93.3%。由此看出,“害获灭”按每公斤体重175、200微克对牦牛上述消化道线虫和肺线虫均有良好的驱除效果,且用量小、给药方便,无副作用,宜于在牧区推广使用。     

Cytological aspects of meiotic recombination

This article reviews current views on the mechanisms of meiotic homology searching and recombination. It discusses the relationship between molecular events at meiotic prophase and concomitant cytological processes. The role of the synaptonemal complex and other meiosis-specific structures is discussed. Whereas the relationship of crossovers, late recombination nodules, and chiasmata is well established, there is still some controversy about the temporal and causal relationships between double strand breaks, homologue recognition, heteroduplexes, early nodules and presynaptic alignment.