Fantastic Beasts and where (not) to find them: Local gravitational energy and energy conservation in general relativity

This paper critically examines energy-momentum conservation and local (differential) notions of gravitational energy in General Relativity (GR). On the one hand, I argue that energy-momentum of matter is indeed locally (differentially) conserved: Physical matter energy-momentum 4-currents possess no genuine sinks/sources. On the other hand, global (integral) energy-momentum conservation is contingent on spacetime symmetries. Local gravitational energy-momentum is found to be a supererogatory notion. Various explicit proposals for local gravitational energy-momentum are investigated and found wanting. Besides pseudotensors, the proposals considered include those of Lorentz and Levi-Civita, Pitts and Baker. It is concluded that the ontological commitment we ought to have towards gravitational energy in GR mimics the natural anti-realism/eliminativism towards apparent forces in Newtonian Mechanics.     

快速和尺度稳健的纹理图像识别

传统的纹理图像识别方法很难同时获得较好的识别精度、实时性和尺度稳健性,不利于实际的工程应用.因此,提出一种快速和尺度稳健的纹理图像识别方法.该方法首先利用高斯滤波构造一个纹理图像的多尺度空间,然后利用完备的局部二值计数(Completed Local Binary Count,CLBC)算法对多尺度空间中的每个图像提取局部二值特征,并跨尺度提取局部二值特征的最大值,再将多个分辨率的特征相结合作为纹理图像的最终特征描述,最后利用最近子空间分类器(Nearest Subspace Classifier,NSC)判定纹理图像的类别.在基准纹理图像数据库上的实验表明,该方法在识别精度、实时性和尺度稳健性方面获得了很好的综合性能,有利于实际的工程应用.     

Microstructure investigation and multicolor upconversion in Yb~(3+)/Ln~(3+)(Ln=Er/Tm/Ho) ions doped α-Sialon

Yb~(3+)/Ln~(3+)(Ln=Er/Tm/Ho)-α-sialon ceramics were fabricated by hot press sintering technique.Their microstructure and luminescent properties were studied by XRD,EDS,HRTEM and photoluminescence measurements.The results showed that the sintered ceramics consisted ofα-Sialon with a trace amount ofβ-Sialon phase.The frequency upconversion and downconversion properties of Yb~(3+)/Ln~(3+)(Ln=Er/Tm/Ho)-α-Sialon ceramics were investigated under 980 nm low-power excitation.The different concentrations of Yb~(3+)/Ln~(3+)(Ln=Er/Tm/Ho)produced multicolor emissions characteristics of each Ln~(3+)ion as a result of the energy transfer from Yb~(3+)to Er~(3+),Tm~(3+)and Ho~(3+)ions.The EDS spectra measurements and mappings showed that the Ln~(3+)ions were well incorporated in theα-Sialon matrix.Temporal evolution of the emission decay behavior has been investigated to understand the energy transfer mechanism.     

高校教室照明节能系统探讨①?

针对高校教室照明系统能耗大浪费多的问题,利用红外装置和人脸识别系统,设计了一套高校教室照明节能系统。系统将教室分为几个区域,利用红外装置周期扫描人体信号,能够实现无人自动关灯,并且在人员过于分散情况下,部分分区也会自动关灯,促使人员集中。该系统较好地解决了高校教室照明系统能耗大浪费多的问题,显著提高了电能的使用率。     

累计太阳辐照量对真空管太阳能热水器日得热量的影响

累计太阳辐照量17MJ/m2对应的日有用得热量Q17是评价太阳能热水系统热性能好坏的重要参数之一.在累计太阳辐照量达到测试要求以及其他测试条件相似的条件下,利用试验测试研究了累计太阳辐照量对真空管太阳能热水器系统日有用得热量Q17的影响.结果表明:日得热量随累计辐照量的增加而呈线性增加的关系,而系统的能效系数和日有用得热量Q17基本不受累计辐照量的影响;当测试条件由累计辐照量不小于17MJ/m2减小至累计辐照量不小于16 MJ/m2时,系统的日有用得热量Q17和能效系数没有明显的降低,说明新国标中对测试累计辐照量的修改是合理的.     

EMG oscillator model-based energy kernel method for characterizing muscle intrinsic property under isometric contraction

This paper presents a new method for estimating the isometric contraction force and the characterization of muscle’s intrinsic property.The method,called the energy kernel method,starts with converting the electromyography(EMG)signal into planar phase portraits,on which the elliptic distribution of the state points is named as the energy kernel,while that formed by the noise signal is called the noise kernel.Based on such stochastic features of the phase portraits,we approximate the EMG signal within a rectangular window as a harmonic oscillator(EMG oscillator).The study establishes the relationship between the energy of control signal(EMG)and that of output signal(force/power),and a characteristic energy is proposed to estimate the muscle force.On the other hand,the natural frequencies of the noise and the EMG signal can be attained with the energy kernel and noise kernel.In this way,the direct signal–noise recognition and separation can be accomplished.The results show that the representativeness of the characteristic energy toward the force is satisfactory,and the method is very robust since it combines the advantages of both RMS and MPF.Moreover,the natural frequency of the EMG oscillator is not governed by the MU firing rate of a specific muscle,indicating that this frequency correlates with the intrinsic property of muscle.The physical meanings of the model provide new insights into the understanding of EMG.     

Different effects of substrates on the morphologies of single-walled carbon nanotubes

In this work, different effects of substrates on the morphologies of single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWNTs） are studied. SWNTs were produced by floating catalytic chemical vapor deposition using CH4 as carbon source gas and Ar as carrier gas. Then the SWNTs were deposited on lithography-patterned different substrates. The as-grown SWNTs at the boundaries between SiO2 and metal were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It is found that SWNTs deposited on low-conductivity substrates trend to have curved morphologies and some of them form rings, while SWNTs deposited on metal sub- strates remain straight and orientated. The mechanism of these effects was also discussed, which is closely related to the thermal conductivities and the principle of energy dissipation.     

How cat lands: insights into contribution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs to attenuating impact force

To safely land after different drops, cats can perfectly use their limbs as dampers to dissipate impact forces. Yet, we know little about the contribution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of cats to attenuating the impact forces during landing. In order to investigate this, we analyzed the landing impulses and energy absorption based on the ground reaction forces and high-speed video recordings of cats performing self-initiated jump downs at different heights. Our results show that the distribution of impact forces between forelimbs and hindlimbs exhibits a landing height-dependent manner. Furthermore, combining the experimental measurements and the inverted pendu- lum-spring model, we find that variation in landing angle is correlated with the distribution manner. This posture- dependent actuation allows the animal to tune the distri- bution of energy absorption between forelimbs and hind- limbs. These findings highlight how cats perfectly jump down using their limbs, providing fundamental insights into the importance of control mechanisms that attenuate landing impulses safely and efficiently.     

超导纳米线单光子探测技术进展

超导纳米线单光子探测技术自2001年出现以来,已经成为超导电子学领域的一个热点研究方向.作为一种新型的单光子探测技术,其具有探测效率高、暗计数低、时间抖动小、计数率高、响应频谱宽、电路简单等优势,综合性能在近红外波段已经明显超越传统的半导体探测技术,成为一种主流的单光子探测技术.本文从应用基础角度出发,对超导纳米线单光子探测器件的材料、器件工艺、性能、系统集成以及前沿应用等进行介绍,并对国际上该领域研究未来的发展趋势进行探讨.     

基于系统科学视角的山西省能源安全综合评 价简

文章从系统科学的视角，构建多指标综合评价模型，采用因子分析法对山西省1995—2010年能源系统安全状况进行了实证研究，并运用熵权法将中西部八个省份的能源安全状况进行了比较。研究表明，山西省能源系统安全状况不容乐观，总体上趋于下降，在八省比较中排名居后，节能空间和潜力很大。