带烟气循环的W型辐射管流动传热及NO_x排放特性

为解决W型辐射管温度均匀性差和NOx排放过高的问题,提出了一种新型带烟气循环的W型辐射管,建立了该辐射管的数学模型,并运用数值计算的方法进行了模拟研究.在验证模型可靠的基础上,对带烟气循环的W型辐射管和常规W型辐射管的流场、温度场和NOx排放进行了比较.结果表明:带烟气循环的W型辐射管气体平均流速是常规W型辐射管气体流速的3倍,有57.6%的烟气参与再循环;带烟气循环的W型辐射管中气体燃烧最高温度为2260 K,比W型辐射管低192K;带烟气循环的W型辐射管壁面温差为166 K,比常规W型辐射管的壁面温差小76 K;带烟气循环的W型辐射管的NOx排放量9.9×10-5,而W型辐射管的NOx排放达到7.98×10-4,高出将近7倍.     

退火温度对430不锈钢冷轧板组织和力学性能的影响

针对现场生产的430不锈钢冷轧板,通过高温连续退火实验研究了退火温度对材料显微组织、强度、塑性以及各向异性性能的影响.通过实验得到了合理的两段式加热连续退火工艺:选取中间温度为600℃,加热II段的加热速率为2.3℃·s-1,最高加热温度为840℃.随着退火温度的升高,薄板的屈服强度和硬度呈明显的两阶段降低趋势,延伸率呈"S"型趋势增加,平均塑性应变比基本保持不变(1.25左右),而轧制平面各向异性指数有一定的降低.针对430不锈钢冷轧板分别建立了屈服强度与退火软化率和延伸率之间的定量关系.     

高能炸药的X射线及γ射线探测安全性研究

为解决X射线、γ射线探测技术在高能炸药属性、状态特征测量中的应用安全性疑虑,提高检测速度,采用了常用工程应用数学指标,分别从单个高能炸药分子与光子的作用几率和高能炸药对光子能量的吸收角度,得到了采用X射线、γ射线探测高能炸药属性、状态特征时的辐照强度阈值. 研究结果表明,目前工业常用的辐射探测方法可以安全地应用于高能炸药,且在确保量级不大于104 W/m2时,可安全地进一步提高高能炸药的辐照强度.      

混合石蜡的热物性实验

对低熔点石蜡（十六烷、十八烷）与高熔点石蜡（54#石蜡、62#石蜡）混合物的传热性能进行了实验研究,用以替代价格较高的十八烷,用于立式集热板太阳能热气流电站的蓄热系统中.采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）对不同质量分数的混合石蜡的相变潜热及相变温度进行了测量,结果表明：随着低熔点石蜡的加入,混合石蜡的相变温度在不断减小,相变潜热介于低熔点石蜡与高熔点石蜡之间;且混合后的石蜡具有良好的循环稳定性.采用热针法对不同质量分数的混合石蜡固态体系、液态体系的导热系数进行了测量,结果表明：混合之后石蜡的导热系数与低熔点石蜡相差不大,石蜡在固态时的导热系数要大于在液态时的导热系数.综合比较可知,混合石蜡可以满足储能需求,并能降低成本.     

光稳定剂间苯二酚单苯甲酸酯的合成

研究了以苯甲酰氯和间苯二酚为原料、液碱为除酸剂,酯化合成然后精制得间苯二酚单苯甲酸酯的工艺.研究了酯化反应中温度、物料配比、pH、间苯二酚水溶液的浓度和反应时间等条件对反应的影响,获得了较佳的酯化工艺条件:苯甲酰氯与间苯二酚的摩尔比为1.15∶1;pH值为7.5;反应温度为25℃;反应时间为1.5 h;间苯二酚溶液的质量分数为10%.酯化反应收率为88.6%.考察了结晶溶剂配比、温度对产品质量和收率的影响,经实验评估得到了较佳的结晶工艺条件:结晶溶剂甲苯的体积(/mL)与初产物的质量(/g)之比为2.5∶1,结晶温度为30℃,结晶收率为95.0%.优化工艺条件下产品的总收率为84.2%.     

Synthesis of Ta C and Ta_2C from tantalum and graphite in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell

The pressure dependence of the onset of the formation of Ta C and Ta2 C from the elements has been investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction and pyrometry.Ta C has been synthesized by the reaction of Ta and graphite at pressures between 8.6 and 14.3 GPa and at temperatures up to 2,300 K using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Ta and graphite begin to react around 1,100 K at ambient pressure conditions, and the reaction temperature increases with increasing pressure. A linear extrapolation of these data is consistent with recent observations of the formation of Ta C at 90 GPa and 3,600 K. We show that diffusion of carbon into tantalum significantly changes the lattice parameter of up to 2 % in the pressure range of up to19 GPa. In some experiments, Ta2 C was formed concomitantly. The experimentally determined bulk modulus of Ta2 C is B0;exp：= 286（5） GPa. Other tantalum carbide phases were not observed.     

Engineering acid dew temperature: the limitation for flue gas heat recovery

In order to study how deep we can reduce the temperature of exhaust flue gas, an experiment focusing on the combined influence of ash deposition and acid condensation on the heat transfer characteristics of the heat exchanger was carried out in a 300-MW boiler unit. An annular tube was inserted into the flue gas duct between the air preheater and the electrostatic precipitator. The water with given temperature firstly entered the inner tube and then flowed into the outer tube at the end of the inner tube. It is found that heat transfer performance drops sharply at fixed temperature range under given coal quality. The turning temperature is defined as the engineering acid dew temperature （EADT）. When the inlet water temperature is under the EADT, ash sticks to the tube and is difficult to blow off, and thus the flow resistance rises. Furthermore, the corrosion can be observed obviously. From the point of economy and reliability, EADT is the limitation for flue gas heat recovery. The EADT is at least 30 ℃ lower than ADT calculated by traditional empirical and theoretical equations.     

The optimal configuration of reciprocating engine based on maximum entransy loss

A class of two-heat-reservoir heat engine model with heat leakage,finite heat capacity high-temperature source and infinite heat capacity low-temperature heat sink,is researched with the finite-time thermodynamic theory and the entransy theory.The optimal configuration based on the minimum entropy generation and the maximum entransy loss under the given cycle is searched,which are compared with the optimal configuration based on the maximum output work,and all the heat transfer in the model is assumed to obey the Newton’s law.The results show that,for the infinite heat capacity high-temperature source,the optimal configuration does not change whether heat leakage exists or not;however,for the finite hightemperature reservoir,the optimal configuration is different among which based on the minimum entropy generation,the maximum entransy loss,and the maximum output work when the heat leakage exists.     

Modeling decarburization kinetics of grain-oriented silicon steel

A mathematic model has been presented to predict the decarburization kinetics of grain-oriented silicon steel sheet in the gas mixture of N2–H2–H2O during annealing.This model is based on the carbon flux balance between the oxidation reaction at the surface and the carbon diffusion inside the steel sheet.It can be numerically solved to quantify the influences of annealing temperature and atmosphere on decarburization kinetics when the boundary conditions are properly determined.In case that a humid gas mixture is employed during annealing,the most influential process parameter is temperature rather than compositions of the gas mixture,because the diffusion of carbon in ferrite is the rate-limiting step.Therefore,a higher temperature is required for the efficient decarburization of the thicker silicon steel sheet using the industrial continuous annealing production line.     

烧结温度对(K_(0.44)Na_(0.5)Li_(0.06))(Nb_(0.94)Sb_(0.06))O_3陶瓷结构和电学性能的影响

采用传统陶瓷烧结工艺制备了(K0.44Na0.5Li0.06)(Nb0.94Sb0.06)O3无铅压电陶瓷,研究了不同烧结温度对(K0.44Na0.5Li0.06)(Nb0.89Ta0.05Sb0.06)O3陶瓷的晶相、微观形貌、压电、介电和铁电性能的影响.研究结果表明:在不同烧结温度下,XRD衍射分析表明陶瓷样品都形成了钙钛矿的正交相结构,但具有不同的SEM形貌和电学性能.在烧结温度1 060℃时晶粒发育比较完全,致密性较高;且陶瓷具有最佳的电学性能:d33=233 pC/N,k p=49%,εr=1 172和P r=24μC/cm2.