中国科协第94期“新观点新学说学术沙龙”聚焦“雾霾”

正2014年11月1—2日,主题为"大气雾-霾研究中的科学问题和思考"的中国科协第94期"新观点新学说学术沙龙"在北京举行。中国气象科学研究院研究员张小曳、中国科学院大气物理研究所研究员石广玉院士、清华大学环境学院教授贺克斌担任领衔科学家。来自全国20多家科研院所和学术团体的30余位专家与会研讨。与会专家认为,燃煤是导致中国雾-霾形成的最主要来源,机动车排放对污染发生有重要贡献,部分地区生物质燃烧等助推了处在高位的大气污染。控制中国煤炭消费总量、改善煤的清洁利用,是控制中国煤炭造成大气污染的2条主要路径;控制工程、农用、不达标车辆污染排放,是控制机动车污染的重要方面。     

带烟气循环的W型辐射管流动传热及NO_x排放特性

为解决W型辐射管温度均匀性差和NOx排放过高的问题,提出了一种新型带烟气循环的W型辐射管,建立了该辐射管的数学模型,并运用数值计算的方法进行了模拟研究.在验证模型可靠的基础上,对带烟气循环的W型辐射管和常规W型辐射管的流场、温度场和NOx排放进行了比较.结果表明:带烟气循环的W型辐射管气体平均流速是常规W型辐射管气体流速的3倍,有57.6%的烟气参与再循环;带烟气循环的W型辐射管中气体燃烧最高温度为2260 K,比W型辐射管低192K;带烟气循环的W型辐射管壁面温差为166 K,比常规W型辐射管的壁面温差小76 K;带烟气循环的W型辐射管的NOx排放量9.9×10-5,而W型辐射管的NOx排放达到7.98×10-4,高出将近7倍.     

基于燃油消耗的工程机械排放因子研究

为获得工程机械的实际排放因子,利用车载排放测试系统（PEMS）对45辆典型工程机械进行实际工况排放测试. 测试工况包括怠速、行走和作业工况. 结果显示:行走和作业工况下排放速率波动明显,较大的排放峰值主要分布在作业工况下. 怠速工况下CO和HC排放因子相对较高,而作业工况下基于油耗的NO_x和PM排放因子高于怠速和行走工况. 推土机CO、HC和PM在3种工况下基于油耗的排放因子明显高于其他机械. 比较国1标准机械与国2标准机械发现,国2标准机械CO,HC,NO_x和PM在各个测试工况下的排放因子均有不同程度的降低.      

Adelfa： a futuristic biodiesel fuel for DI diesel engines： a comparative experimental investigation

Biodiesel fuel is found to be a promising alter- native for the petroleum diesel based on the results published by the researchers for a decade. Biodiesel fuel is renewable and non degradable fuel. Many countries use biodiesel fuel for automotives to meet the crisis due to the depletion of the petroleum fuel and to meet the stringent emission norms. Various researches have been carried out with different bio- diesel fuels with vegetable oil as the source and appreciable results were reported. Few biodiesel fuels which have been already tested are Jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua, neem, cotton seed, etc. In this experimental work, Adelfa biodiesel blend is used as the test fuel. The emission and performance charac- teristics were compared with three other different biodiesel fuel blends. Appreciable results imply that Adelfa biodiesel （Nerium oil methyl ester） can be a futuristic biodiesel fuel, which has a good compatibility with the direct injection （DI） diesel engine without any major modification. Moreover, Adelfa can be cultivated in a non agricultural land with fewer sources of water. It is widely spread over all major countries of Asia. Experimental investigations have been carried out on a single cylinder DI diesel engine with standard engine speci- fications. In this experimental work, various Adelfa biodiesel blends is compared with reference fuel （diesel） to choose the best blend which gives a closer performance to diesel. The comparative analysis with other biodiesel fuels has also been done and results have been discussed.     

Mineralization of flue gas CO2 with coproduction of valuable magnesium carbonate by means of magnesium chloride

CO2 mineralization and utilization is a new area for reducing the CO2 emissions. By reacting with natural mineral or industrial waste, CO2 can be transformed into valuable solid carbonate （such as calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate） with recovery of some products simultaneously. In this paper, a novel method was proposed to mineralize CO2 by means of magnesium chloride with small energy consumption. In this method, magnesium chloride was firstly transformed into magnesium hydroxide by electrolysis. The formed magnesium hydroxide showed high reactivity to mineralize CO2. In our study, even at low concentration, CO2 can be effectively mineralized by this method, which makes it possible to directly mineralize flue gas CO2, avoiding the expensive process of CO2 capture and purification. Moreover, valuable products such as hydromagnesite and nesquehonite can be recovered by this method. Because of the wide distribution of magnesium chloride in nature, largescale CO2 mineralization is potential by means of magnesium chloride.     

Detecting the micro-defects in the GaAs materials by time resolved emissions

The GaAs material is a major semiconductor material, and it has high electron transfer rate and direct transition energy band structure. The devices and inte-grated circuits fabricated on the GaAs substrates have a lot of advantages such as high speed information processing. Small perturbations in the manufacturing of GaAs materi-als can lead to defects. The defects in the GaAs materials can degrade the performance of materials. A new method is presented in this paper for detecting the micro-defects in GaAs materials by using time resolved emissions. In this method, the micro-defects in GaAs materials are detected by making use of the photon emission features of micro- defects. The strength of the emitted photons from the micro-defects is increased by applying the electric current or the periodic pulse signals to GaAs materials. The single-photon detector is used to detect the photon emissions of the micro-defects. The time resolved photon emissions and single-photon detection are used to record and compare the amounts of the emitted photons that come from the given regions of the normal GaAs materials and the defective GaAs materials. A lot of experimental results show that the micro-defects in the GaAs materials can be detected by using the method proposed in this paper.     

基于模糊推理的驾驶员反应时间修正研究

为进一步完善汽车主动防碰撞预警系统,建立了一种基于模糊推理的驾驶员反应时间修正方法。该方法以驾驶员的实时反应时间为研究对象,通过实时采集驾驶员的加油频率、深加油比例、制动频率、深制动比例等数据,利用所建立的模糊推理规则判断出一个适应于当前驾驶员动态驾驶倾向的实时反应时间,然后对Berkeley算法进行修正,计算出车辆行驶所需要的安全车距,并在驾驶模拟器上进行了对比分析。经模拟实验验证,本方法所确定的15名驾驶员的理论平均反应时间为1.0000 s,方差为0.0417,而实际平均反应时间为1.0077 s,方差为0.0469,并且根据理论反应时间所确定的预警距离与根据实际反应时间所确定的预警距离比较接近。可见本方法能在一定程度上提高安全预警算法的准确性,能够充分考虑驾驶员的实时驾驶特性,降低预警系统的虚警率。     

巴西人的世界杯情怀

正双脚决定命运全世界一直在问:"巴西,你准备好了吗?"巴西人心中的这份绿茵情怀,或许是其他国家的人,永远无法切实体会的。对于足球运动的定义,世界各地的足球强国看法不同。法国人把足球比赛看作一场全民大餐,意大利人则视之为足球艺术。不过巴西     

基于企业效率和负外部性差异的低碳交通部门碳税与补贴政策设计

在政府预算平衡条件下,构建包含政府和双寡头交通工具生产商的两阶段博弈模型,分析了企业间效率差异以及负外部性差异对低碳交通领域政府碳税和补贴规制设计的影响。结果表明,随着低碳技术开发成本的不断降低,政府对传统高碳交通企业的最优碳税强度不断增大,而对低碳排放技术生产企业的最优补贴强度先提高后降低,成倒U型关系。政府参与市场规制是解决市场失灵、提高社会福利水平有效途径,但应根据低碳技术发展水平合理配置碳税与补贴两种规制政策。     

地下交通废气排放对人体健康的影响

为了研究地下交通废气排放对人体健康的影响,首先分析了地下交通空气污染物的种类及其对人体的影响,CO2,NO2,PM以及SO2等地下交通主要污染物会造成心脏功能的风险,并在短时间内影响人体神经系统,对人体的肺功能产生直接影响,尤其会对儿童的呼吸系统造成影响。其次结合国外典型的实验研究,对地下交通污染对人体可能造成的疾病和健康影响进行了数据分析,对地下交通废气排放对人体健康造成的不利影响进行说明,总结出隧道内的空气中,对使用者影响最大的是颗粒物(包括粗糙、细小和细微的颗粒物)、CO和NO2。最后从外部居住区和内部使用人员2个方面总结了地下道路对人体健康影响研究的重点与难点,指出进一步的研究需要对地下交通释放的空气污染物进行准确测试,对儿童的健康影响需要进行直接相关的重点研究。