高锰酸钾预氧化对有机物构型与超滤膜污染的影响

以引黄水库水为水源,基于超滤组合工艺中试装置,考察KMnO4预氧化对有机物转化和超滤膜污染的影响。研究结果表明:原水以相对分子质量大于3×103的有机物为主,亲疏水性有机物比例相当。混凝沉淀主要去除疏水性与相对分子质量大于1×105的有机物,去除率分别为13.50%和47.06%。随投加量的升高,KMnO4对相对分子质量大于1×105的有机物去除率增加,同时产生了较多相对分子质量为3×103～1×105的有机物;水中疏水性有机物随之由降低变为升高。当KMnO4投加量适量时,可以减少膜污染,当投加量过高时,则会增加膜的不可逆污染。超滤膜去除的主要是疏水性有机物,相对分子质量大于1×105和1×104～1×105的有机物分别是造成膜可逆与不可逆污染的主要因素。超滤反洗废液中主要为相对分子质量大的疏水性有机物,化学清洗废液中的Mn含量随KMnO4投加量升高而增大。     

典型胺类物质的消毒副产物生成潜能

在pH为8.0的磷酸盐缓冲体系中,加氯量为 x (Cl₂):x (N)=8∶1、温度为(20±1)°C条件下测试甲胺、乙胺、二甲胺、甲基乙胺、二乙胺、苯胺和对氯苯胺等7种胺类物质的三卤甲烷、卤乙酸、卤乙腈、卤代酮、三氯硝基甲烷和水合氯醛等6类消毒副产物的生成潜能。结果表明,7种胺类物质的三卤甲烷、卤乙酸、卤乙腈、卤代酮、三氯硝基甲烷和水合氯醛的生成潜能分别为08～459.0 mmol／mol,13～35mmol／mol,0.01mmol／mol和0.06～39.00 mmol／mol;总消毒副产物潜能为14～480 mmol／mol,其中以三卤甲烷和卤乙酸两类占总消毒副产物生成量的99％以上(除在对氯苯胺中占87％以外)。由于二乙胺和对氯苯胺两种物质与氯的反应活性较高,消毒副产物生成潜能也最大。     

Study on the Folk Costume Symbolization in Waterside Villages of Southern Yangtze in China

The folk costume in waterside villages of Southern Yangtze in China was notonly daily consumer goods, but also a symbol system of folk-custom culture. This symbol system was directly conveyed by a series medley shape signs, many-faceted color signs and decorated craft signs of pleated skirt. Its origination, accumulation, continual process and development were greatly associated with the life style and paddy culture of waterside villages, such as the folk religion, social life, artistic philosophy, regional culture, the landform of waterside villages and the humanity environment. So the folk costume was the significant sign of practical function and also the significative sign of folk traditional culture, both of which composed the costume cultural symbol system of waterside villages of Southern Yangtze called ＂ integration of aesthetic and practical function＂.     

再絮凝预处理对超滤膜的污染控制研究

试验针对混凝-沉淀-再絮凝-超滤组合工艺对水中有机物的强化去除效果和膜污染的控制效能展开研究.结果表明:再絮凝-超滤组合工艺对有机物的单元去除率可达26%,远高于传统的超滤膜组合工艺;同时,该工艺对有机物的去除主要体现在对中性亲水性有机物和分子量分别大于10kDa和小于1kDa的有机物方面,与传统超滤膜工艺有较大区别.当采用硫酸铝作为再絮凝剂,其投加量达到6.0mg/L时,统一膜污染指数(UMFI)达到最小(0.061 3m2/L),表明再絮凝预处理工艺能够更为有效地控制超滤膜的污染.Zeta电位的测试结果表明:再絮凝过程可使沉后水中残余的胶体Zeta电位降至0,从而减轻了膜表面对污染物的吸附;而再絮凝过程中微小絮体的形成也使得沉后水中颗粒物粒径增大,防止了膜孔堵塞现象的发生并使得形成的滤饼层结构较为松散,从而取得良好的超滤膜污染控制效果.