基于POD同工酶对石蒜属种间和石蒜居群间进化关系的研究

对石蒜属(Lycoris)9个种和石蒜(L.radiata)16个居群的POD同工酶酶谱进行了分析和比较.结果表明:(1)石蒜属植物共显示出24条酶带(种间和居群间各12条),其中五条是特征酶带(种间和居群分别为3条和2条).(2)石蒜属9个种可分为两类:一类由具有两型核型结构(V型和I型)的7个种所组成:即中国石蒜L.chinensis、忽地笑L.aurea、长筒石蒜L.longituba、鹿葱L.squamigera、安徽石蒜L.anhuiensis、香石蒜L.incarnata、乳白石蒜L.albiflora;另一类由具单型核型结构(I型)的2个种所组成:即石蒜L.radiata、换锦花L.sprengeri.其中,中国石蒜和忽地笑亲缘关系最近,与形态学和细胞学研究结果相近.(3)石蒜POD同工酶变异比较丰富,与石蒜染色体核型和数量多样性相符.POD同工酶研究显示石蒜居群间遗传距离与地理距离不存在相关性.研究结果表明同工酶变异分析可以作为探讨石蒜属种间亲缘关系和石蒜遗传多样性的有效手段.     

Serum levels of perfluorinated compounds in the general population in Shenzhen, China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been detected in many environmental matrices, biota, and nonoccupationally exposed populations in China recently. However, little is known about the distribution and levels of various PFCs in the general population living in areas where there is PFC exposure. In the present study, the levels and prevalence of ten target PFCs were determined in 227 serum samples from a population of nonoccupationally exposed individuals in Shenzhen, China. Results indicated that human exposure to PFCs was prevalent in Shenzhen. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was the dominant PFC contaminant in the serum samples, with a median concentration of 6.72 ng/mL, followed by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with a median concentration of 2.07 ng/mL. Other PFCs were detected at much lower concentrations, with median concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.87 ng/mL. Statistically, no significant (P>0.05) gender differences were observed for any of the PFCs. Significant (P<0.01) positive correlations were found between age and serum concentrations of the target PFCs, except for perfluorobutane sulfonate (R = 0.16, P = 0.01), perfluorohexanoic acid (R = 0.08, P = 0.22), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (R = 0.11, P = 0.10). Based on the one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, the total daily intakes of PFOA and PFOS for the general population in Shenzhen were calculated as 0.63 and 0.20 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively.     

中国沙棘平茬萌蘖种群的生物量动态

 平茬萌蘖是中国沙棘种群更新的有效方式,但其中的生态学机制并不清楚,为此,以样地每木检尺资料为基础,以 "空间差异代替时间变化法"及"样地编年序列法"原理为依据、以生物量投资与分配为指标,探讨了中国沙棘平茬更新的生态学机制.结果表明:① 中国沙棘平茬萌蘖种群及其构件生物量积累过程均符合Logistic方程,可分为慢、快、慢3个阶段,但构件之间的生物量投资与分配具有明显差异;② 通过构件之间的生物量投资与分配调节,中国沙棘实现了平茬后的萌蘖更新,尤其是萌蘖根的生物量投资具有"前置效应"和"主导效应";③ 地上与地下构件的生物量分配具有互补效应,即地下分配比例大时则地上分配比例小.因此,种群实施萌蘖更新过程中,必须在繁殖与生长之间做出权衡.     

筼筜湖大型海藻群落的几种藻栖端足类的种群动态研究

研究了2007年11月至2008年5月期间筼筜湖大型海藻群落几种藻栖端足类的种群动态.结果显示,筼筜湖藻栖的端足类主要有:上野蜾蠃蜚(Corophium uenoi)、日本大螯蜚(Grandidierella japonica)、强壮藻钩虾(A mpithoe vali-da)、平掌拟钩虾(Grammaropsis laevipalmata)和尖额麦秆虫(Caprella panantis).但不同时期、不同藻丛,端足类的种类组成和丰度存在差异.条浒苔(Enteromorpha clathrata)主导的藻丛,主要出现在2007年11月至2008年1月,上野蜾蠃蜚和日本大螯蜚是丰度最高的两种端足类,它们在11月达到丰度的最大值,分别为3.22×104和1.07×104m-2.细基江蓠繁枝变种(Gracilarla tenuistipitatavar.liui)和根枝藻(Rhizocloniumsp.)主导的藻丛分别出现在2008年1—3月和3—5月,上野蜾蠃蜚是其中最优势的端足类,但丰度较低.石莼(Ulva lactuca)主导的藻丛在整个调查期间都有分布,端足类以上野蜾蠃蜚和强壮藻钩虾为主,丰度在3月最高,分别为11.59×104和1.20×104m-2,而后迅速下降.不过,在石莼主导的藻丛,端足类的丰度和大型海藻生物量之间的变化并不同步,而是存在一个月的滞后,据推测,可能是由于大型海藻啃食者(如强壮藻钩虾)的滞后造成的.     

空间非齐次性和扩散行为对种群规模的影响

研究空间环境资源的非齐次和物种的扩散行为对于生物种群的影响.对一个单一物种的模型,结果表明:(1)空间环境的非齐次性能使种群规模变大;(2)总的种群规模会在适度的扩散速率的情况下达到最大值,而极端(过大或过小)的情形会对种群规模产生不利的影响,因此总的种群规模不是关于扩散速率的单调函数.     

基于变异系数的我国城市化地域差异演变研究

利用我国26个省会城市和4个直辖市的市辖区1998～2007年的非农人口和建成区面积统计数据,采用增长率和变异系数等指标对中国的城市化水平格局及地域差异变化进行研究.结果表明:研究期内我国东部城市化水平差异一直明显高于中、西部地区,但东中西部的差异有所缩小;城市化速率呈现明显的地域差异,2003年之前东部城市化速度最快...     

Diet composition of an invasive population of Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog) from Argentina

The American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus has been introduced around the world, with invasive populations reported from almost all South American countries. A population of this species was introduced in the Calingasta department of San Juan province, which is an arid environment in western Argentina. This work provides information on the dietary composition of an invasive population of L. catesbeianus, and compares the degree of dietary overlap between adults and juveniles. Stomach contents of 169 bullfrogs (82 adults and 87 juveniles) were analysed. Adults consumed 40 prey taxa and Hymenoptera (Insecta) was the most numerous prey item (41.8%), followed by Araneae (13.6%) and Aeglidae (13.4%). Juveniles consumed 29 prey taxa and Hymenoptera constituted the highest percentage in prey number (77.2%). The trophic overlap niche index at the same level shows a value of 0.64 overlap in dietary community between adults and juveniles of this bullfrog. Aeglidae was volumetrically the most important trophic item (25.4%), followed by Anura (25.02%). Our results showed that cannibalism in bullfrogs is more common than the consumption of native anurans, coinciding with that reported in other populations of introduced bullfrogs. The high similarity in the diets of both size classes and the association between the size of the predator and prey suggest that the impact caused by bullfrogs throughout their ontogeny is high and probably has an impact on their prey. Freshwater crabs are the main items in the diet of Lithobates catesbeianus in other introduced populations and are usually the most conspicuous at our study site. The crabs in freshwater ecosystems are part of the lowest trophic level in the food chain. The major threats to the southern region’s freshwater crabs include deforestation, farming and exotic species. Lithobates catesbeianus has a generalist diet and high overlap between adults and juveniles.     

公共图书馆如何应对社会老龄化的挑战

简述了我国人口老龄化的特点,分析了人口老龄化在服务对象和事业经费等方面给我国公共图书馆事业发展带来的挑战,指出图书馆应在资源配置、资源共享、发展规划以及政策法规方面采取相应对策,促进图书馆事业的健康发展.     

Natural history of the marsupial Thylamys macrurus (Mammalia,Didelphidae) in fragments of savannah in southwestern Brazil

The objective of this study was to furnish information on the natural history of the Neotropical marsupial Thylamys macrurus in the southern Cerrado of Brazil. A range expansion of the species was observed to the northeast of the Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Specimens were surveyed in fragments of savannah (40–600 ha) during dry and wet seasons in 2003 and 2004 with live‐trap grids and pitfall lines. With an effort of 9767 trap nights and 2200 pitfall nights, we obtained 102 captures and 49 recaptures of T. macrurus. The data analyzed (57 males and 40 females) showed that males are more abundant in the dry season and females in the wet season. Young were recorded mostly during the wet season. Thylamys macrurus was scansorial, using the floor and the understorey. Sexual dimorphism was recorded, with males being larger than females. Information on ectoparasites is supplied.     

D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠学习记忆能力和睾丸的改变及延衰合剂的治疗作用

目的研究D-半乳糖所致亚急性衰老小鼠学习记忆能力和睾丸的变化，并观察延衰合剂对其的治疗作用。方法选昆明系雄性小鼠，用D-半乳糖建立亚急性衰老模型。应用Morris水迷宫实验测试衰老小鼠学习记忆能力的变化；电镜技术观察延衰合剂治疗后衰老小鼠睾丸的形态学改变；酶联免疫分析法检测血清睾酮的变化。结果衰老小鼠学习记忆能力下降，睾丸重量减少，生精细胞减少，结构紊乱，功能障碍，血清睾酮含量明显降低。在改变学习记忆能力上延衰合剂高剂量组作用明显优于延衰合剂低剂量纽（P〈0．05），但与补肾益寿胶囊纽及延衰舍剂中荆量组差畀无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论延衰舍剂可以提高衰老小鼠学习记忆能力，改善睾丸生精小管的超微结构，抑制衰老小鼠血清睾酮含量的下降，具有一定的延缓衰老作用。