The climatic variations and development of yellow soil in Beibei since the Holocene epoch

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An integrative estimation model of summer rainfall-band patterns in China

Three variation indices are defined to objectively and quantitatively represent fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns in summers in China for the period from 1951 to 2005, and the variation features of these indices are analyzed on both of interdecadal and interannual scales. A new method is proposed to establish an integrative estimation model based on the analysis of rainfall-band indices, and the model is applied to air, ocean factors to estimate their roles on variations of three rainfall-band patterns on different time-scales. The tests of estimation effects show that the fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns are composed of variations on both significant inter-decadal and interannual scales, of which the interannual variation is mainly influenced by the Elnino/Lanina events, the East Asia monsoon and the ridge locations of subtropical high pressures in western pacific, while the interdecadal variation is mainly controlled by the Pacific decadal oscillation and interdecadal oscillations of the Arctic oscillation, ENSO, Nino3 sea surface temperature and summer monsoon. The estimated results from the integrative estimation model of rainfall-band patterns suggest that the way of estimation first according to each time scale of both the interdecadal and interannual scales, then estimating with an integration, which is proposed in this paper, has an obvious improvement on that without separation of time scales.     

Reconstruction of temperature series of China for the last 1000 years

This paper reports a study on reconstructing temperature series for ten regions of China over the last 1000 years with a time resolution of 10 a. The regions concerned are: Northeast, North, East, South China, Taiwan, Central, Southwest, Northwest China, Xinjiang and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A variety of proxy data, such as ice core, tree-rings, stalagmites, peat, lake sediments, pollen and historical records, were validated with instrumental observations made in the last 120 years, and applied in the recon- struction of the temperature series. A temperature series for whole China is then established by aver- aging the ten regional series with a weighting proportional to the area of each region. Finally, tem- perature variations for the last 1000 years are examined, with special focus placed on the characteris- tics of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), the Little Ice Age (LIA), and Modern Warming (MW).     

Neural correlates underlying humans’ differential sensitivity to emotionally negative stimuli of varying valences: an ERP study

The present study aims to investigate the neural correlates underlying humans’ sensitivity to valence differences in negative stimuli. Event-related potentials (ERPs) for highly negative (HN), moderately negative (MN), and Neutral pictures were recorded while subjects perform a standard/deviant categorization task, irrespective of the emotional valence of the deviants. The results show more negative ERP deflections during HN condition than during MN condition at each 50 ms interval from 350 to 650 ms after stimulus onset (at P3 and slow negative wave (SNW) components). Moreover, emotional effect was also observed for MN stimuli at P3 component (350—450 ms interval). Dipole analyses on the HN-MN difference wave during 350—450 ms interval (P3 component) and that during 450—650 ms interval (SNW component) were both localized to the right medial temporal lobe. Thus, the present study confirmed the human sensitivity to valence variations in emotionally negative stimuli, and further showed that the right medial temporal lobe, in particular, the right hippocampus/amygdala complex, may be the critical neural substrates underlying humans’ differential sensitivity to emotionally negative stimuli of varying valences.     

中国东部四季降水量变化空间结构的研究

利用观测资料和史料所重建的中国东部(110°E以东)71站1880—2004年的四季降水量序列,通过EOF分析得到了各个季节降水量空间分布的主要形态,并且按其特点分为两类,冬春秋季为一类,夏季为一类。利用重建的1880—1950年和观测的1951—2004年的500hPa高度场资料,分析了大气环流对各季降水异常的影响。结果表明,各季的降水异常分布形态与高空环流形势有很好的对应关系,并且近百年来这种对应关系比较稳定。最后研究了各季降水量空间结构的周期变化特征,结果显示各个季节降水量空间分布形态都存在高频的年际变化和低频的年代际变化。功率谱和子波分析表明,高频集中于2~4年、5~8年,而低频则集中在15年、20~25年、60年,共同代表了中国季节降水异常变化的主要周期。     

北京大气细粒子PM2.5的化学组成

为了解北京大气细粒子(PM2.5)的污染水平和污染特征,在车公庄和清华园进行了连续1年、每周1次同步采样和全样品分析。2个采样点PM2.5的化学组成相似。含碳组分和水溶性离子是主要的组分,其质量浓度之和超过PM2.5的50%。有机碳、元素碳和细粒子PM2.5的季节变化一致,即冬季质量浓度最高,夏季最低。夏季NO-3的质量浓度最低且在采样过程中从特氟隆滤膜上有近50%的挥发。SO2-4不同于PM2.5的季节变化主要取决于SO2的转化率。地壳元素的质量浓度从冬季到春季大幅度上升,春季沙尘天气频是一个重要原因。     

年际和年代际气候变化的全球时空特征比较

5利用1950－1998年全球海洋同化分析资料和全球大气再分析资料，分析比较了全球海气系统年际和年代际变化的主要时空特征。结果表明：1）全球上层海洋年际变化主要为位于热带太平洋的ENSO模态，年代际变化最显区域中纬度海洋、赤道外热带东太平洋和大西洋及南半球高纬度区域；2）全球大气年际和年代际变化均主要位于中高纬地区尤其是两极地区，在年际时间尺度上，气温异常和气压异常没有明显的对应关系，但在年代际时间尺度上，气温增暖（变冷）常常伴随着气压的降低（升高）；3）在年际时间尺度上，发生在中高纬度陆地地区的大气年际变化和主要发生在热带海洋的上层海洋年际变化没有一致性的内在联系，前主要表现为大气内部（浑沌）变化，而后主要为热带海气相互作用产生的ENSO变化；4）在年代际时间尺度上，全球海洋大气系统大约在20世纪70年代均一致性地经历了一次跃变，其结果导致80年代以来，全球大范围地区（尤其是两极和西伯利亚地区）气温明显偏暖，赤道两侧的热带东太平洋、北美和南美西海岸及非洲西海岸等海域海表温度偏高，伴随着这种全球大范围背景增暖现象，青藏高原北部地区和格陵兰岛气温具有变冷趋势，而中纬度北太平洋和南半球高纬度海域海表温度也表现为降低。     

Sulfur and carbon isotopic variations in Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks from southern China

A new set of δ34Ssulfide, δ34Ssulfate and δ13Ccarbonate values has been reported from Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks in southern China. The interglacial black shales of the Datangpo Fm. display higher δ34Ssulfide values with >+20‰ average, but the postglacial black shales from the Doushantuo Fm. show negative δ34Ssulfide values. However, the Jinjiadong Fm., the same post-glaciation as the Doushantuo Fm., has positive δ34Ssulfide values, implying that the δ34S value of sedimentary sulfides would be controlled by lithofacies and paleogeographic environments. The δ34Ssulfate values relative to δ13Ccarbonate were obtained by extraction of trace sulfate from the successive carbonate sequences in the Yangtze Gorges sections. A preliminary interpretation suggests that the oceanic environment may fluctuate dramatically at the post-glacial Doushantuo stage and, then, recover its stability at the Dengying stage on the basis of the high resolution δ34S and δ13C curves of seawater.     

结合加权子空间和相似度度量学习的人脸验证方法研究

在无约束条件下,人脸表情、姿态、光照以及背景等复杂因素可能导致人脸图像的类内变化大于类间变化.针对如何降低较大的类内变化对人脸验证研究的影响,本文结合加权子空间,提出了一种带先验相似性和先验距离约束的相似度度量学习方法.首先,利用类内人脸对样本,学习带权重的类内协方差矩阵,通过加权子空间的投影,从人脸图像中获得鲁棒性的人脸特征表达;其次,利用样本对的相似性与差异性,建立了带先验相似性和先验距离约束的相似度度量学习模型,优化后的度量矩阵可以有效提高特征向量的类内鲁棒性和类间判别性;最后,利用优化的度量矩阵计算人脸对的相似度.在LFW(Labeled Faces in the Wild)数据集的实验验证了所提模型的有效性,与其它同类相似度度量学习方法相比,优化的度量矩阵更能准确地评估人脸间的相似性,并在受限训练集上取得了91.2%的识别率.     

Disease resistance in farm animals

Genetic variations in disease resistance of farm animals can be observed at all levels of defence against infectious agents. In most cases susceptibility to infections has polygenic origins. In domestic animals only a few instances of a single genetic locus responsible for disease resistance are known. A well-examined example is the Mx1 gene product of certain mice strains conferring selective resistance to influenza virus infections. Attempts to improve disease resistance by gene transfer of different gene constructs into farm animals include the use of monoclonal antibody gene constructs, transgenes consisting of antisense RNA genes directed against viruses and Mx1 cDNA containing transgenes.