不同植被配置对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

根据人工模拟降雨试验,在不同植被配置的坡面上,研究了黄土丘陵区坡面不同植被配置对入渗、产流产沙的影响。结果表明,在小雨强下,不同植被配置的稳渗率大小差别较大;随着雨强的增大,不同植被配置的稳渗率大小差别变小。不同雨强下,5种不同植被配置的坡面基本上都在5min内达到稳渗。不同植被配置坡面流含沙量均呈缓慢下降趋势。并且在小雨强下,不同植被配置坡面径流含沙量的下降趋势较为平缓;在大雨强下,累积产沙量曲线的斜率也越大。     

二灰黄土力学性能试验

为了给二灰黄土在道路工程中的广泛应用提供理论参考,进行了二灰黄土三轴剪切和直接剪切试验,分析了二灰黄土的力学性能。通过三轴剪切试验测得不同围压下二灰黄土的应力-应变曲线、峰值强度、残余强度、弹性模量和抗剪强度等力学指标;通过直接剪切试验测得不同含水质量分数、不同压实度下二灰黄土的凝聚力和内摩擦角。研究结果表明:二灰黄土峰值强度、残余强度和峰值应变与围压基本上呈直线关系,其破坏过程可以用损伤的概念来解释;凝聚力和内摩擦角与压实度呈线性增长关系;凝聚力与含水质量分数呈非线性关系;内摩擦角与含水质量分数呈线性降低关系。     

柔性拱和软弱地基上的碾压混凝土拱坝

为改善软弱基础上修建碾压混凝土拱坝的结构设计 ,通过对水压和温度荷载作用下坝体的应力和位移分析 ,提出了适应软弱基础拱坝变位大但应力不恶化的“柔性拱”及简易止裂措施 ,已用于修建新疆石门子碾压混凝土拱坝。坝体设人工短缝加大拱的变位 ,可消减水压和温度作用下的拉应力集中 ;扩大拱座降低坝肩软弱岩面上的压应力和剪应力 ,拱座考虑侧约束减少拱座在水压作用下的变位 ,也增加坝肩绕渗途径     

Loess in the Tian Shan and its implications for the development of the Gurbantunggut Desert and drying of northern Xinjiang

Eolian loess is widely distributed on the various geomorphic surfaces between 700–2400 m a.s.l. on the northern slope of the Tian Shan. It is formed in a synchronous manner with dust transported from the Gurbantunggut Desert in the Junggar Basin. The thickest section of loess was found in the Shawan and Shihezi regions. Paleomagnetic and climatic proxy analyses of over 71 m of a loess-paleosol sequence on the highest terrace of the Qingshui He (River) in the Shawan show that the paleomagnetic Bruhues/Matuyama (B/M) boundary lies at the bottom of paleosol S8, at a depth of 69.5 m, and the bottom of the sequence was estimated to be ∼0.8 Ma. This implies that the extremely dry climatic conditions in the Junggar Basin and the initial Gurbantunggut Desert were present at least by 0.8 Ma. High-resolution grain size series demonstrate that this area and desert expansion experienced two dramatic periods of desert expansions that occurred at ∼0.65 Ma and 0.5 Ma, respectively; and the subsequent continuous enhancement led to the environment presently observed. This tremendous environmental effect, caused by large-scale expansion of the desert and arid region of inner Asia, might be an important driving force for the global temperature drop that occurred in the mid-Pleistocene.     

南京下蜀土剖面磁化率测量及其与深海沉积的对比

本文通过对典型样品的低温磁行为分析探讨了磁化率反映古气候的机制,并尝试把下蜀土剖面磁化率古气候记录与华北黄土及深海沉积的记录相对比。     

稀土在蠕墨铸铁中的适宜残留量范围

研究了用铈组混合稀土金属和1号稀土硅铁合金作为蠕化剂时的残留量上限RE_(max),下限RE_(min),残留量范围ΔRE。得出用混合稀土金属处理蠕铁时RE_(max)=0.110％,RE_(min)=0.038％,ΔRE;0.072％.而用1号稀土硅铁合金处理时,RE_(max)=0.091％,RE_(min)=0.037％,ΔRE=0.054％。并在此范围内两者的蠕化率都与稀土残留量有线性关系。本文还研究了硫对蠕铁中稀土残留量范围的影响。     

陕北黄土高原森林草原地带植被恢复演替初步研究

本区植被恢复演替呈现4个阶段:1、先锋群落阶段:黄蒿群落、苦菜群落、狗尾草群落等;2、多年生禾草群落阶段:长芒草群落、大针茅群落、粗隐子草群落、香茅群落、冰草群落等;3、多年生蒿类群落阶段:铁杆蒿群落、茭蒿群落、茵陈蒿群落等:4、疏林草原阶段:山杏、大果榆、杜梨、侧柏、杜松等早中生矮乔木侵入多年生蒿类群落,它们的盖度一般5～10％。全部过程为植物群落作用下土壤性的内因动态演替,最后终止演替的主导因素为气候。     

大厚度湿陷性黄土地基处理的研究与应用

针对大厚度、高等级自重湿陷性黄土地基上的甲类建筑,提出一种处理地基的方法,与刚性砼桩或柔性灰土挤密桩相比都具有明显的经济效果。     

Thermally unstable maghaemite and its palaeoclimatic significance in Chinese loess

Magnetite and maghaemite are the two main contributors to magnetic susceptibility in the Chinese loess/palaeosol sequence. Due to the close similarity in physical properties, early investigators treated them together as "magnetite". Utilising the property of thermally instability of maghaemite, we have been able to separate it from magnetite in loess and palaeosol samples from the upper parts of the Xifeng and Luochuan sections on the central Chinese Loess Plateau and compare its variation with depth and horizon. Our results indicate that thermally unstable maghaemite is relatively enriched in both 1) weakly weathered loess units and 2) towards the west, the direction of dust supply, suggesting that maghaemite is at least partially (coarse grains) of detrital aeolian origin while some pedogenic maghaemite (extra fine grains) occurs in the palaeosols. The physical meaning of magnetic susceptibility, therefore, needs to be reconsidered as a synthetic indicator reflecting the palaeoenvironment for both source area and deposition area. Thermally unstable goethite is a minor magnetic component of palaeosol samples, but it may play a significant role in determining characteristic magnetic remanence of weakly weathered loess samples, especially when one applies alternating-field cleaning.