城市土壤的生态服务功能演变与城市生态环境保护

城市化是急剧的土地利用变化过程。在城市化过程中，土壤的服务功能经历明显的转变，即从维系植物生长的功能为主转变为滞留、转化和净化污染的功能为主，因此，城市土壤在城市生态系统中承担着重要的生态服务功能并起着保护城市环境的作用。城市土壤在功能转变的过程中，土壤质量也发生重要的转变，这些变化包括物理的、化学的和生物学的等方面。巨大的人为影响致使城市土壤的退化比较明显。物理退化方面主要体现在由于压实导致容重增加、水分入渗速率降低，从而使降雨时地表径流系数增加、非点源污染负荷升高，对城市水体污染产生明显的影响；化学退化方面主要体现在土壤中的有机和无机污染物含量显著增加，这一方面使土壤对生物健康直接影响的可能性增加，另一方面使土壤的吸附容量接近饱和丽导致污染物的移动性提高，从而具有较高的释放潜力。城市生态系统中物质循环过程不闭合的特点，决定了城市土壤是养分和污染物末端固定者，因而城市土壤是一个人为的某些元素的地球化学“垒”(barrier)。建设健康的城市生态环境需要闭合开放状态的物质循环链条，这必然需要科学的城市土壤管理策略。     

生态学实验真实性的追求——以有效性、准确性、精确性的考量为基础

 在传统科学实验中,较高的有效性、准确性、精确性与较高的真实性相对应。但在生态学实验中,情况有所不同,只有保证有效性,才能获得真实性。鉴此,应该努力保证实验过程中"测量的概念"涵盖,但不与来自"研究的概念"或"想象的概念"重叠,在确立生态学实验有效性的过程中测量真实事物。准确性与真实性相对应,但在生态学实验中,"真实"的参考值很难获取,甚至获取了也可能不太可靠,由此,提高仪器的技术性能,改进实验的操作流程,采取其他的方法如"空白值"试验,提高准确性以努力获得准确的结果,或者依赖相关的理论和经验分析,来定性地判断该生态学测量实验数据是否准确或者在多大程度上准确,就是必须的了。精确性与可靠性正相关,在生态学实验过程中,应该增加精确性,以保证可靠性,否则,即使获得了真实的实验结果,也可能因此精确性（可靠性）差而不被相信并不被接受;而且,一般地,对于不同类型的生态学实验,从数学模型,到数字的有机体,再到人工生命系统（宇宙实验）,最后到不受干扰或处理的自然系统,复杂性越来越大,精确性越来越小,真实性越来越差,据此,必须针对具体的研究案例,选择恰当的实验类型,权衡实验的精确性和真实性。     

Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs

Pathogen-mediated changes in host behaviour can result from hosts altering their habitat preferences. Although infection risk with pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians is associated with environments favouring its growth, the relationship with microhabitat use has not been examined. Here, we aim to determine if microhabitats used by frogs during their nocturnal activity predict B. dendrobatidis prevalence and infection intensity. Our focal host, Eleutherodactylus coqui, is a habitat generalist that uses multiple habitats from the forest floor to the canopy. We analysed data on B. dendrobatidis occurrence in 157 adults and 122 juveniles at El Yunque National forest in Puerto Rico. We categorized each individual’s nocturnal microhabitat as forest floor, curled palm fronds in the floor, arboreal bromeliads and foliage or tree trunks 50 cm to 2.5 m above ground. We found that frogs on the forest floor had the greatest B. dendrobatidis prevalence (73%), compared with those active in vegetation above ground (55%). Overall, the probability of B. dendrobatidis infection in frogs using microhabitats on the forest floor was twice as great as for those on arboreal substrates. Differences in B. dendrobatidis prevalence and intensity in E. coqui may be explained by specific abiotic conditions of microenvironments (temperature and humidity) affecting both pathogen and host, and by the age-specific ecological requirements of hosts. Adults were found to be most active in microhabitats where individuals had lower infection burdens, suggesting pathogen-modulated habitat choice. This work has important implications for the evolutionary dynamics of enzootic diseases and provides data that may inform potential mitigation strategies against a generalist amphibian pathogen.     

Coral reef tanaidacean assemblages along the SW and SE Gulf of Mexico: biodiversity,geographic distribution and community structure

The biodiversity, geographic distribution, and community parameters of the benthic tanaidaceans associated with three coral reefs along the SW and SE Gulf of Mexico were analysed. A total of 15,525 specimens were grouped in 36 species. The highest value of abundance was found in the PNSAV with 6382 tanaidaceans. The PNSAV presented 30 species, the ANPT-L 16 species, and the SABS 17 species. The species with the widest distribution were Pseudonototanais sp., Condrochelia dubia, Leptochelia forresti, Synapseudes sp., Haplopolemius propinquus, Alloleptochelia longimana, and Paradoxapseudes bermudeus. In the Veracruz System Reef, the highest abundance was recorded for Condrochelia dubia and Pseudonototanais sp. The highest value of diversity was obtained in the SABS (3.08 bits/ind in the reef Bajo Diez), and the lowest value was found in the PNSAV (0.07 bits/ind in the reef Isla de Enmedio). The highest value of abundance was found in coral rubble and macroalgae. A significant relationship between depth and specific richness was found in the three reef systems. Using cluster analysis, three groups were found in each system, mainly related to the proximity to the coast and to urban areas. This is one of the first studies to show the specific substrate and attributes of three communities of tanaidaceans along the SE–SW coast of the Gulf of Mexico.     

随机产出下的农产品供应链合同

本文设计了存在外部市场的二级农产品供应链,对农产品销货补货渠道进行分析,提出一种考虑外部市场的成本-收入共享合同。研究结果表明,供应商通过与加工企业共享丰收年超出订单量的额外收入,能有效激励加工企业增加订单量,提高双方利润;增添加工企业从外部市场进行补货的渠道能有效缓解供应商欠收的经济压力;考虑外部市场的成本-收入共享合同,能推迟供应链成员退出市场的时间点,利于提高供应链稳定性。     

Baronia brevicornis caterpillars build shelters to avoid predation

In at least 18 Lepidoptera families, caterpillars build shelters that mainly serve to regulate microclimate (humidity, temperature) and/or to avoid predation. We aimed to explore the function of the tubular structures built with the leaves of the host plant, Acacia cochliacantha Humboldt and Bonpland ex Willdenow (Fabaceae), by a lepidopteran endemic to Mexico, Baronia brevicornis Salvin. We experimentally evaluated whether tubular structure building behaviour is induced by high temperature or predator odour, and if shelters reduce or enhance predation of B. brevicornis caterpillars. We used Calosoma angulatum as predator. Our analyses showed that caterpillars did not make the tubular structures in response to high temperature. We also found no difference in predators’ visual recognition of sheltered versus unsheltered caterpillars. Caterpillars did not build shelters but they moved more often when exposed to predator odour. Unsheltered caterpillars were more frequently consumed when predators were allowed to interact with sheltered and unsheltered caterpillars. Hence, the tubular structures built by B. brevicornis are most likely a strategy for reducing predation, for example by C. angulatum.     

粮食安全视角下的“谁来种田”问题

随着我国城镇化程度的不断推进,"谁来种田"的困惑已经难以绕开,由此引发的国家粮食安全隐忧、农业比较效益低以及务农人员素质参差不齐等问题也愈加凸显。保障粮食安全需要提高种植者的积极性,因此,需要谨慎处理粮食安全视角下的"谁来种田"的问题。     

福建文化资源开发的现状与对策

文化资源是产业发展的重要依托,也是突出地缘优势的关键所在,但其开发不力常会引起涸泽而渔、开发绝缘和创意克隆的问题。为了避免文化资源利用过程中过度开发、整合不足及同质化的问题,福建应摸清家底,深入分析自身文化资源的分布特点和开发优势,并针对文化资源利用现状及问题有的放矢,寻求差异化的产业发展道路,尤其是应抓住福建的生态、区位和影响优势,构建"自然生态、文化生态和经济生态"三位一体的发展模式,形成有福建特色的地缘经济。     

塔里木河流域中下游典型地物光谱变化规律

由于塔里木河流域中下游距离河道在垂直向的差别,以及气候与人为因素的影响,使植被的空间分布具有异构性.典型地物光谱变化的研究为中下游生态环境的遥感监测提供了基础,实验研究表明:绿色全荣植物中,棉花由于其具有明显绿峰、水分吸收谷和近红外的高反射峰而更加容易识别,其他植物主要差别则集中在550,680,1420 nm附近的反射峰、吸收谷和1920～2500 nm之间的反射率;与绿色植被相比,枯枝的光谱在可见光部分的绿峰和红光吸收谷不明显,但在可见光部分波形有所差别,而与流沙土壤光谱相比,各波段反射率变化较大;对比不同荣枯比例的植物光谱发现,同一种植物随着荣枯配比的变化,除可见光绿峰、近红外反射峰和各水分吸收谷变化外,最明显的是在近红外1420～1820 nm之间和短波红外1920～2500 nm之间反射率随着枯枝的比例增加而明显升高;关于土壤光谱,中下游各断面占主要类型的流沙土光谱相差不大,但是盐碱土和含有一定水分的盐碱土则变化较大,而且反射率基本低于流沙土,结壳土则除在近红外和短波红外部分变化更加平缓而有所差别外,其余波段接近流沙土;同样的土壤背景下,近红外和短波红外部分反射率的差别能够在一定程度上反映覆盖度的变化.     

无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apetala）对浮游微藻群落结构及生态功能的影响研究

 2009年春季和秋季对广州市南沙区14涌和19涌以人工种植红树植物无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apetala）为主的湿地水体中的浮游微藻进行采样调查,从种类数、丰度、门类组成和多样性指数对微藻进行群落结构及其生态功能的分析研究,并以此对湿地水质进行评价和从藻类的角度分析无瓣海桑对湿地水体的净化功能。结果显示,微藻种类极其丰富,共鉴定出8门92属338种,总丰度在10⁵～10⁷个/L数量级,其中以19涌湿地公园无瓣海桑林内微藻丰度最高,达9.45×10⁶～1.20×10⁷个/L,为超富营养水平。14涌和19涌都存在着有机污染现象,但14涌湿地水质要优于19涌,主要与其内水文条件较优有关。无瓣海桑如果在较封闭的水体环境中易产生较严重的水体富营养化现象。在管理人工红树林湿地时应注意保证林内与林外水体的流通。