塔里木河流域中下游典型地物光谱变化规律

由于塔里木河流域中下游距离河道在垂直向的差别,以及气候与人为因素的影响,使植被的空间分布具有异构性.典型地物光谱变化的研究为中下游生态环境的遥感监测提供了基础,实验研究表明:绿色全荣植物中,棉花由于其具有明显绿峰、水分吸收谷和近红外的高反射峰而更加容易识别,其他植物主要差别则集中在550,680,1420 nm附近的反射峰、吸收谷和1920～2500 nm之间的反射率;与绿色植被相比,枯枝的光谱在可见光部分的绿峰和红光吸收谷不明显,但在可见光部分波形有所差别,而与流沙土壤光谱相比,各波段反射率变化较大;对比不同荣枯比例的植物光谱发现,同一种植物随着荣枯配比的变化,除可见光绿峰、近红外反射峰和各水分吸收谷变化外,最明显的是在近红外1420～1820 nm之间和短波红外1920～2500 nm之间反射率随着枯枝的比例增加而明显升高;关于土壤光谱,中下游各断面占主要类型的流沙土光谱相差不大,但是盐碱土和含有一定水分的盐碱土则变化较大,而且反射率基本低于流沙土,结壳土则除在近红外和短波红外部分变化更加平缓而有所差别外,其余波段接近流沙土;同样的土壤背景下,近红外和短波红外部分反射率的差别能够在一定程度上反映覆盖度的变化.     

坝上高原不同土地利用类型的地块土壤风蚀对比及年际变化分析

以河北省坝上高原康保牧场为实验区,采用标桩法,通过2007-2008年和2008-2009年土壤风蚀量的测定,对比分析不同地块土壤风蚀情况及2个年度测定土壤风蚀量的年际差异.结果表明:天然植被的抗风蚀能力要好于人工植被;灌草混交植被比单纯性草地植被抗风蚀效果好;退耕还林草应尽量选择当地树种、草种;秋季耕地高留茬不仅可以减轻土壤风蚀,还起到风积土壤的作用;冬春季降水量的减少和气温增高,是土壤风蚀量增加的主要可能原因;农牧交错带的生态恢复重建是一个漫长的过程.     

安庆天柱山机场鸟类群落季节性变化与鸟击防范

在2008年2月至2009年2月间,对安庆天柱山机场及其周边地区的鸟类种类、种群数量进行了为期一年的调查.调查共记录到鸟类102种,隶属于12个目29个科,其中留鸟38种,占总数37.25%;夏候鸟28种,占总数27.45%;冬候鸟25种,占总数24.51%;旅鸟11种,占总数14.39%.在地理类型上,机场地区鸟类呈现古北界与东洋界过渡地带的特点,其中广布种37种,占总数36.27%;东洋界种类有34种,占总数33.33%;古北界种类31种,占总数30.39%.在机场及周边地区,春季观察到鸟类物种数要明显多于秋季及冬季,春季鸟类多样性也要高于秋季与冬季.在机场地区,每年5~6月份与10~11月份鸟类活动比较频繁.机场鸟击防范工作,应该根据鸟类活动特点,通过对重点区域栖息地的改造,降低生物多样性,从而减少鸟类在机场地区的活动,避免鸟击事件的发生.     

山东省湿地面积变化及其生态价值分析

笔者利用三期中国湿地数据,首次定量化研究山东省湿地在1990年、2000年2008年间的变化趋势,并对生态价值变化进行分析.结果显示,山东省湿地自然湿地从1990到2008年减少达到1 966.48 km2,减幅达到37.58%,面积变化先急促后迟缓.山东省湿地生态系统服务功能价值从1990年的374.82亿元,到2000年减少到333.18亿元,然而到2008年增长到了 373.38亿元,先减少后增加,同湿地面积变化趋势一致,这在总量上的增长,完全是人工湿地的增长,自然湿地一直在减少.     

Potential influence of water level changes on energy flows in a lake food web

Large seasonal water-level fluctuations may influence isotopic signatures of primary producers and the types and amounts of these potential food sources accessible to aquatic fauna of Poyang Lake,the largest freshwater lake in China.In this study,the isotopic signatures of primary producers and consumers were determined,stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis and mixing models were combined to investigate the influence of water levels on the diet and isotopic composition of Poyang Lake fish and inverteb...     

Changes in physical features of Glacier No. 1 of the Tianshan Mountains in response to climate change

This study analyzes the changes in glacier zones and snow composition of Glacier No.1 in the Tianshan Mountains of China since 1961,and their possible relations with climate.It is found that precipitation dominated the snow composition and that air temperature and precipitation controlled the distribution of glacier zones,but interannual change in precipitation had a relatively large effect on glacier zones and snow composition during 1963–1981 (P10) and 1963–1989 (P11).However,during 1982–2007 (P20) and 19...     

A high-resolution environmental change record since 19 cal ka BP in Pumoyum Co,southern Tibet

A 380-cm-long sediment core was acquired from the deep water area of Pumoyum Co, southern Tibet. Twenty-five plant residue samples were selected, and organic carbon stable isotopes were obtained using the AMS ¹⁴C chronological method. The ¹⁴C age and carbon reservoir effect were calibrated with surface sedimentation rate measurements using ²¹⁰Pb dating. Results showed that the core sediment deposited over 19 cal ka BP. Based on a multi-proxy analysis of TOC and IC contents, grain size and pollen assemblage data, the palaeoclimatic evolution of Pumoyum Co was reconstructed since the last glacial. Pumoyum Co was a shallow lake prior to 16.2 cal ka BP; although the glacier around the lake began to melt due to increasing temperatures, climate was still cold and dry. In the interval of 16.2–11.8 cal ka BP, the sedimentary environment fluctuated drastically and frequently. Two cold-events occurred at 14.2 and 11.8 cal ka BP, and these may correspond to the Older Dryas and the Younger Dryas events, respectively. After 11.8 cal ka BP, Pumoyun Co developed into the deep lake as it is now. The lake water temperature was relatively lower at that time because of influx of cold water from glacial meltwater entering the lake. As a result, the multi-proxy indicators showed no sign of warm conditions. Comparisons between the sedimentary record of Pumoyum Co with that of other lakes of the same age in southern Tibet indicate a warmer climate following the last deglaciation influenced the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. These results imply that the southwest Asian monsoon gradually became stronger since the deglaciation during its expansion to the inner plateau. The glacial-supplied water of the lake responded sensitively to cold-events. The entire southern Tibet region was dominantly influenced climatically by the southwest Asian monsoon during the Holocene.     

基于土地利用/覆盖变化的珠江三角洲快速城市化地区洪灾风险驱动力分析——以佛山市为例

以珠江三角洲腹地典型城市佛山为例,运用GIS/RS技术分析了佛山市在1988～2003年期间快速城市化导致的区域土地利用/覆盖方式的巨大转变及其对洪灾风险的影响;结合佛山市1957～2005气象及水文数据的分析结果,指出受社会经济利益驱动的整治航道、大规模采沙、修建航运设施及联围建闸等人为活动显著地改变了主要水系的水动...     

北京市城区单监测点PM2.5质量浓度变化特征

2009年在北京师范大学科技园内对PM2.5质量浓度的连续监测结果表明,PM2.5质量浓度的年均值为55.2μg.m-3,日均值在1.2~325.9μg.m-3之间变化,且频数分布呈现出明显的倾斜:大量的质量浓度值位于30~70μg.m-3之间;季节变化特征为冬季PM2.5污染水平明显高于其他季节;不同季节的日变化模式存在显著差异:整体上是冬季夜间质量浓度高于白天,夏季白天质量浓度高于夜晚,同时在各个季节下午16:00以后质量浓度都存在回升现象.     

江汉平原北部明清时期的环境演变

通过对江汉平原北部蔡垱西剖面沉积物粒度、地球化学元素、孢粉等相关数据的综合分析,揭示了该地区约1250年以来环境演变历史。通过沉积物的野外观察、粒度数据分析及剖面所处地貌部位的综合分析认为,该剖面沉积物主要为汉江等周围水系洪水带来的泥沙泛滥至低洼平原区,并以近乎停滞的低缓流速沉积而成,所以沉积物以细粒的黏土质粉砂为主,...