人类的复杂性及其程序化的限度——兼评“人类终结论”与“竞速统治论”

人工智能的潜在威胁已成为人类的一种公共性焦虑,当前的"人类终结论"与"竞速统治论"是这种焦虑的学术确认。然而,不论是人类终结论还是竞速统治论,它们的吸引力都是建立在对科技发展的过高估计与对人类发展的过低估计所构成的巨大反差之上。这类论断既无助于人们客观地看待科技的发展,也无助于人们客观地看待自身的发展。破除这类论断所编织的扭曲图景,需要我们予以追认人类的复杂性,探析其程序化的限度,以及展示人类能力发展的可能空间。     

Scientific patronage in the age of Darwin: The curious case of William Boyd Dawkins

This essay examines the curious relationship between Charles Darwin and the palaeontologist William Boyd Dawkins (1837–1929). Dawkins was a beneficiary of Darwin's patronage and styled himself as a Darwinian to Darwin and the public, yet viciously attacked Darwin and his theory in anonymous reviews. This has confused historians who have misunderstood the exact nature of Dawkins's attitude towards evolution and his relationship to Darwin. The present study explains both the reasons for Dawkins's contradictory statements and his relationship with Darwin. I introduce Batesian mimicry as a conceptual framework to make sense of Dawkins's actions, suggesting that Dawkins mimicked a Darwinian persona in order to secure advancement in the world of Victorian science. Dawkins's pro-Darwinian stance, therefore, was a façade, an act of mimicry. I argue that Dawkins exploited Darwin for his patronage – which took the form of advice, support from Darwin's well-placed friends, and monetary assistance – while safely expressing his dissent from Darwinian orthodoxy in the form of anonymous reviews. This is, therefore, a case study in how scientific authority and power could be gained and maintained in Victorian science by professing allegiance to Darwin and Darwinism.     

人类未来的进化问题

人类过去几百万年的进化史,已经充分说明人类作为生物的一分子,同样遵循达尔文的进化理论:物竞天择、适者生存。这种适应环境的自然选择进化在未来的人类进化中还会起作用吗?达尔文的进化理论是否适用于未来的人类?本文将通过详细的分析试图回答这个问题。现在的人类已经知晓设计人类自身生命的蓝图:DNA,并必然会在未来的几百万年中充分利用基因技术服务和改造人类自身,所以适应环境的自然选择进化还会在多大程度上影响人类的进化是一个值得研究的问题。本文中分析了自然进化和人为进化的区别,以及它们各自在人类未来进化中的作用,同时给出了一种未来文明分类标准,提出了智慧文明的局域同步发展说,用这样的学说可以解释为什么人类至今还没有发现外星人。     

综放工作面作业人员可靠性分析

综放工作面生产是地下作业,作业环境差,系统复杂,且作业地点处在不断的变化中,各类事故发生率较高。在人—机—环境系统中,事故的发生都是由人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态和环境的不安全因素造成的,其中,由于人存在个体差异,受其自身及环境的影响,个体具有较大的随意性和偶然性,从而人的不安全行为发生率最高,是导致事故发生的主要因素。在对综放工作面人员失误特点分析的基础上,从人、机、环境三个方面考虑影响人员可靠性的因素,并对影响因素进行量化,建立了综放工作面作业人员的可靠性模型,对控制人为失误,减少事故的发生具有重要意义。     

伦理视域下的人肉搜索传播行为动因探析

"人肉搜索"引发的话题常引起网络受众、社会公众的关注,并最终"发酵"而演化为大众媒体关注的焦点和对象。从伦理学角度来探析会发现,同情心是人肉搜索传播行为产生的诱发伦理动因,正义是直接伦理动因。在人肉搜索过程中,要注意正确把握"人肉搜索"传播行为界限,避免正义界限遭到突破而演变为"网络暴力"。     

Induction of human β-defensin-2 in airway epithelial cells by Streptococcus pneumoniae： involvement of IP3-dependent intracellular calcium release and NF-κB

Human β-definsin-2 （hBD-2） is mainly induced by bacterial factors and pro-inflammation mediators in epithelial cells. As the major cause of community-acquired pneumonia, whether Streptococcus pneumoniae （S. pneu-moniae） stimulation induces hBD-2 expression in airway epithelial cells is elusive. In this study, we found that S. pneumoniae stimulation induced hBD-2 expression in a time-and concentration-dependent manner in primary human airway epithelial cells. To further reveal the mechanism of S. pneumoniae inducing hBD-2, we found that S. pneumoniae stimulation activated NF-κB signaling pathway. Specific NF-κB inhibitor, PDTC, could reverse the induction of hBD-2 by S. pneumoniae. We also found that cellular inner Ca^2＋ signaling is involved in the S. pneumoniae-induced hBD-2. Taken together, our find-ings indicated that S. pneumoniae can stimulate the expression of hBD-2 in airway epithelial cells and NF-κB and inositol triphosphate-dependent intracellular calcium release is involved in this induction.     

Big data analysis of the human brain’s functional interactions based on fMRI

The human brain is a huge, complex system generating brain activity. The exploration of human brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） is a promising method to understand brain activity. However, the complexity of the big data generated by fMRI facilitates the analysis of various levels of human brain activity, such as the distribution of neural represen- tations, the interaction between different regions, and the dynamic interaction over time. These different levels can depict distinct prospects of the human brain activity, and considerable progress has been achieved. In the future, more big data analysis methods combining advances in computer science, including larger-scale computing, machine learning, and graph theory, will promote the understanding of the human brain.     

基于空间视觉掩蔽效应的图像数字水印频域技术

首先分析了人眼视觉系统的特性,提出了一种利用人眼视觉掩蔽效应,以获得较好鲁棒性和不为人眼所感知的数字水印方法。实验结果表明,这一方法具有较好的特性。最后结合实验给出了对彩色图像进行数字水印处理的方法。     

人发中微量铜的压电频移分析法

报导了利用压电频移分析法测定人发中的铜,方法建立在Ｃｕ２ ＋ 与Ｉ－ 反应生成Ｉ２ ,利用压电石英晶体镀银电极对Ｉ２ 的灵敏吸附性,不经萃取而直接在反应体系中测定了９ ×１０ － ７ ～１ ×１０ － ５ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｃｕ２ ＋ ,方法的灵敏度高,共存离子干扰少,相对标准偏差≤４ ．７ ％ ,回收率为９６ ．３ ％ ～１０７ ．５ ％ ．     

An overview of climate change impacts on the society in China

Society could sustain the impact of climate change by adapting to the change and mitigating risks from adverse effects of increasing changes, so that it can continue maintaining its prospect and improving wellbeing. Nevertheless, climate change is more or less affecting society's functions at different scales, including both individuals and communities. In this review, we discuss the relationship between society and climate change in China from the aspects of the needs at different socioeconomic developing stages. The relationship as well as the current spatial pattern and future risks of the climate change impacts on societies are summarized. The complexity of social and climatic systems leads to the spatial heterogeneity of climate impacts and risks in China. To more effectively leverage increasing knowledge about the past, we advocate greater cross-disciplinary collaboration between climate adaption, poverty alleviation and Nature-based Solutions (Nbs). That could provide decision makers with more comprehensive train of thoughts for climate policy making.