侗族村寨聚居空间演变特征分析——以贵州黎平高寅侗寨为例

以贵州省黔东南州黎平县九潮镇高寅侗寨为典型案例,从农户宅基地利用视角,对侗族村寨用地规模及其内部特征、空间演变过程及其形态特征进行研究.研究结果表明,1990年以来高寅侗寨宅基地扩张面积占总面积的比例达到70%以上,户均宅基地面积维持在170m2左右,高寅侗寨宅基地扩张具有加速蔓延趋势且新修房屋正逐步放弃传统木瓦结构,偏好砖混结构;农户宅基地的居住功能在不断加强,而生产功能(主要是圈舍养殖等)正逐步趋于弱化,内部结构正趋于简单化、集约化;近三十多年高寅侗寨用地存在着先沿"歌堂"内向"填充",后向"风雨桥"外向扩展的演变过程,体现了侗族村民依山傍水的建房理念.     

Transition-metal-doped Fe2O3 nanoparticles for oxygen evolution reaction

Hematite(α-Fe_2O_3)has been extensively studied as a promising photocatalyst,with the capacity to split water under visible light.To tune its electronic structure and improve the performance for oxygen evolution reaction(OER),high-quality single crystals ofα-Fe_2O_3nanoparticles were synthesized and doped by various transition metals(M=V,Cr,Mn,Zn,Co,Ni,Cu,Nb,Mo,Ti)by a molten-salt flux method.Optical,electronic and catalytic properties of transition-metal-dopedα-Fe_2O_3(TM-dopedα-Fe_2O_3)have been systematically investigated.Cobalt has been identified as the best dopant forα-Fe_2O_3,reducing the OER overpotential by 0.16 V with respect to the undoped.     

Ti微合金化汽车大梁钢510L的组织性能

通过层流冷却及卷取过程模拟实验和实验室热轧实验研究了冷却工艺参数对Ti微合金化汽车大梁钢510L组织性能的影响规律,并在生产现场进行了工业试制.结果表明,大冷速有利于弥散细小的TiC粒子析出,冷速和终冷温度对实验钢强度的影响是细晶强化、析出强化和相变强化共同作用的结果,N含量显著影响Ti的析出强化效果,在冶炼时应严格控制钢中的N含量,否则将对钢板的性能产生较大的影响.实现了低成本Ti微合金化汽车大梁钢510L的批量稳定生产.     

投标合谋环境下产业升级的逆向演化研究

投标合谋行为已成为全国性、多领域的群体性违规问题,其存在不仅对我国经济造成了巨大损失,同时也阻碍了行业的健康有序发展.为研究投标合谋行为自身演化规律及其对产业发展的影响,给相关的监管和治理提供参考,本文基于复杂适应系统理论,运用NetLogo多主体仿真平台构建招投标系统并进行演化仿真,最后运用SPSS对所得数据进行回归分析,探索在市场封闭、单纯开放市场、有条件开放市场3种市场情景下合谋比例与报价比例对产业演化过程和结果的影响.研究表明:投标合谋行为会产生"逆向淘汰"效应,不利于降低行业成本,最终导致产业升级逆向演化;合谋行为存在"自我强化"现象;合谋行为会提高合谋者生存几率,但无助于其资本积累;单纯开放市场无助于产业升级,必须配合反合谋审查;现实中应重点对报价比例为0.1到0.3的单位进行合谋审查.     

Histories of molecules: Reconciling the past

Molecular data and methods have become centrally important to evolutionary analysis, largely because they have enabled global phylogenetic reconstructions of the relationships between organisms in the tree of life. Often, however, molecular stories conflict dramatically with morphology-based histories of lineages. The evolutionary origin of animal groups provides one such case. In other instances, different molecular analyses have so far proved irreconcilable. The ancient and major divergence of eukaryotes from prokaryotic ancestors is an example of this sort of problem. Efforts to overcome these conflicts highlight the role models play in phylogenetic reconstruction. One crucial model is the molecular clock; another is that of ‘simple-to-complex’ modification. I will examine animal and eukaryote evolution against a backdrop of increasing methodological sophistication in molecular phylogeny, and conclude with some reflections on the nature of historical science in the molecular era of phylogeny.     

Effect of Ce addition on hot tearing behavior of AZ91 alloy

A small amount of cerium (below 1.0 wt%) addition to AZ91 alloy have been investigated on the hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) at a cooling rate of 1.5Ks^?1. The HTS increased to a maximum value with a cerium addition of 0.6 wt% and then decreased to a stable status as cerium was gradually added. Due to high chemical activity, cerium into the melts can react with aluminum to form an Al₁₁Ce₃ intermetallic compound. X–ray diffraction results also confirmed the existence of Al₁₁Ce₃. The Al₁₁Ce₃ increased with the presence of the needle-like and block morphology. As cerium levels increased, the amount of Mg₁₇Al₁₂ decreased. The variations between Mg₁₇Al₁₂ and Al₁₁Ce₃ resulted in a similar normal distribution of the HTS in AZ91 alloy. The findings were further verified through the microstructure evolution and the surface morphology of fracture.     

Progenesis as a principle in meiofauna evolution

The interstitial meiofaunal taxa may have evolved in very different ways, which are shortly discussed and schematically represented. Several taxa reveal the possibility of an evolutionary pathway by early maturation of larvae or juvenile stages of large size species with a pelago-benthic life-cycle. This presumed progenetic (= neotenic) evolution can be sustantiated in, for example, various Polychaeta and Crustacea by larval or juvenile morphological features. The progenetic origin of several of these taxa is also strongly supported by morphological series, of which species conforming well with typical larvae form the endpoint. The monophyletic origin of similar progenetic taxa, however, is only proved with difficulties. The theoretical available phylogenetic reconstructions for a series of progenetic taxa are discussed. It is emphasized that progenetic evolution is not regressive or degenerate but novel morphological features like derived reproductive organs are characteristic indications of the progenetic origin of a species. In general, progenesis may have a significant role in the evolution of higher taxa in the interstitial habitat.     

《皇明条法事类纂》所见明成弘间“讲读律令”教育实践

明成化、弘治年间《皇明条法事类篡》＂讲读律令＂通过条例的形式将其予以细化和定制,给我们展示出了这一时期＂讲读律令＂丰富的条例背景、法源以及在官员、士子讲读律令条例规文中的各项具体安排与演变,大大弥补了《大明律》＂讲读律令＂条相关信息缺失的局限,有助于加深我们对于明代前中期推行＂讲读律令＂教育的了解。     

Evolution in leptolid life-cycles (Cnidaria: Hydroida)

The medusae of many hydroids remain attached to the colony, often in a vestigial state. Evolutionary origins are sometimes thus obscured. Some authorities have considered these derived hydroid life-cycles as paedomorphic; and regarded the hydroid stage as a prolonged larva. In some genera, for example in the familiar but unusual Obelia, a re-evolution of the medusa stage has been proposed.

These theories are evaluated. Primitively, the larval stage throughout the Cnidaria is the planula. Some possible processes in the re-evolution of the medusa are discussed but the hypothesis is discounted. The origin of medusoid coelenterates is taken to be wholly polypoid, medusae being evolved later as modified and released reproductive polyps. The subsequent evolutionary retention and suppression of the medusa stage is discussed and some physiological processes perhaps leading to it are considered. This direction of evolution is related to the advantages of perennation in large, iterated colonies and consequent larval philopatry. Certain confusing terminology is clarified. The term ‘leptolids’ is rescued from disuse, with the original meaning ‘hydroids and/or hydromedusae’ but implicitly including the planula stage as well, to fill a tiresome gap.     

DELLA基因家族在被子植物中的系统演化关系

基于被子植物各主要分支代表类群的DELLA氨基酸序列，开展它们在被子植物中演化关系的系统发育分析.DELLA基因家族在双子叶植物早期演化阶段经历了一次复制事件，形成2大分支，每支都包含相应的蔷薇类和菊类；单子叶植物没有经历早期的复制事件，所有的DELLA基因聚在一起形成单一的支系.另外，证实了在被子植物的双子叶植物中存在第3个DELLA基因支系.