农民的终结

都市化的发展 ,使现代的农民已经不仅仅依靠传统的农业生产来生活 ,农民的策略再次强调了资本的积累。人类学家的实地调查报告表明了农村和城市的界线正在模糊化 ,许多生活在农村的农民积极从事工业、商业等活动。他们正大批地从土地上离去。     

Seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors and heart function.

Understanding precisely how the heart can recognize and respond to many different extracellular signalling molecules, such as neurotransmitters, hormones and growth factors, will aid the identification of new therapeutic targets through which cardiovascular diseases can be combated. In recent years, we have learned more about the complex interactions that occur between the receptors and the signalling pathways of the heart and its environment. Most of these discoveries have focused on the most common type of cardiac receptor - the seven-transmembrane-spanning receptor or G-protein-coupled receptor.     

Primary carbonatite melt from deeply subducted oceanic crust

Partial melting in the Earth's mantle plays an important part in generating the geochemical and isotopic diversity observed in volcanic rocks at the surface. Identifying the composition of these primary melts in the mantle is crucial for establishing links between mantle geochemical 'reservoirs' and fundamental geodynamic processes. Mineral inclusions in natural diamonds have provided a unique window into such deep mantle processes. Here we provide experimental and geochemical evidence that silicate mineral inclusions in diamonds from Juina, Brazil, crystallized from primary and evolved carbonatite melts in the mantle transition zone and deep upper mantle. The incompatible trace element abundances calculated for a melt coexisting with a calcium-titanium-silicate perovskite inclusion indicate deep melting of carbonated oceanic crust, probably at transition-zone depths. Further to perovskite, calcic-majorite garnet inclusions record crystallization in the deep upper mantle from an evolved melt that closely resembles estimates of primitive carbonatite on the basis of volcanic rocks. Small-degree melts of subducted crust can be viewed as agents of chemical mass-transfer in the upper mantle and transition zone, leaving a chemical imprint of ocean crust that can possibly endure for billions of years.     

Cladistic analysis of continuous modularized traits provides phylogenetic signals in Homo evolution

Evolutionary novelties in the skeleton are usually expressed as changes in the timing of growth of features intrinsically integrated at different hierarchical levels of development. As a consequence, most of the shape-traits observed across species do vary quantitatively rather than qualitatively, in a multivariate space and in a modularized way. Because most phylogenetic analyses normally use discrete, hypothetically independent characters, previous attempts have disregarded the phylogenetic signals potentially enclosed in the shape of morphological structures. When analysing low taxonomic levels, where most variation is quantitative in nature, solving basic requirements like the choice of characters and the capacity of using continuous, integrated traits is of crucial importance in recovering wider phylogenetic information. This is particularly relevant when analysing extinct lineages, where available data are limited to fossilized structures. Here we show that when continuous, multivariant and modularized characters are treated as such, cladistic analysis successfully solves relationships among main Homo taxa. Our attempt is based on a combination of cladistics, evolutionary-development-derived selection of characters, and geometric morphometrics methods. In contrast with previous cladistic analyses of hominid phylogeny, our method accounts for the quantitative nature of the traits, and respects their morphological integration patterns. Because complex phenotypes are observable across different taxonomic groups and are potentially informative about phylogenetic relationships, future analyses should point strongly to the incorporation of these types of trait.     

短花针茅荒漠草原土壤呼吸对载畜率的响应(英文)

土壤碳通量是陆地生态系统中碳循环的重要组成部分.为了揭示放牧对荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率的影响,我们采取完全随机区组设计比较研究了不同载畜率下草地土壤的呼吸速率.试验包括4个处理,3次重复.4个处理分别是对照(CK)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)和重度放牧(HG),相应的载畜率分别为0,0.91,1.82 和2.71只羊*hm-2*半年-1.在2004年和2006年8月,采用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室与LI-6400连接对每个样地的土壤呼吸速率进行了测定,在测定过程中,同时获取了土壤温度及土壤呼吸室中的相对湿度等相关指标.通过对测定数据的分析表明,内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率介于0.80 μmol·m-2·s-1与5.00 μmol·m-2·s-1之间.随着载畜率的增加,土壤呼吸速率明显增加(P<0.05).另外,土壤呼吸速率也随着土壤呼吸室中相对湿度的增加而增大,但是二者的相关关系不太明显(P>0.05).经过2年放牧后,重度放牧条件下的土壤呼吸速率明显低于对照区和轻度放牧区,不同载畜率下土壤呼吸速率随时间的变化并没有明显的差异.高载畜率下土壤呼吸速率明显降低可能与该条件下土壤水分和草地生物量的明显降低有关,土壤水分对土壤和大气之间CO2的交换起着非常重要的作用.