一个基于启发式分离向量搜索的凸多面体碰撞检测算法

碰撞检测是自然环境计算机模拟的基础,机器人等领域有着广泛的应用,本文提出了一个用于多面体碰撞检测的快速算法HS-jump,HP-jump算法建立了一个有效的检测模型,当两个凸多面体碰撞时,可以快速的报告它们之间碰撞, 当两个物体分离时,该算法提供了一个启发式搜索策略,用于快速的搜索分离物体的分离向量两个分离物体的分离平面的法 向量,与已有的算法相比,HS-jump算法可以更平衡的处理碰撞、分离的情况。     

利用微生物将棉籽中游离棉酚脱毒的研究

本文通过添加棉酚的培养基进行微生物的自然筛选和诱变育种,获得5株对棉酚有高脱毒率而不产黄曲霉毒素的霉菌,对未经榨油的棉籽仁粉的微生物脱毒率达60％—74％。它们分别属于梨孢帚霉属(Scopulariopsis sp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)、串珠霉属(Monilia sp.)和红曲霉属(Monascus sp.)。通过测定经固态发酵脱毒处理后棉籽仁粉、饼粉中游离棉酚的残留量证实棉籽饼脱毒后游离棉酚含量达到安全标准。对发酵后棉籽仁粉、饼粉的动物毒性试验和营养分析,结果也表明发酵后的棉籽仁粉、饼粉毒性大为减少而营养价值却有所提高。     

Biomimetic self-templating supramolecular structures

In nature, helical macromolecules such as collagen, chitin and cellulose are critical to the morphogenesis and functionality of various hierarchically structured materials. During tissue formation, these chiral macromolecules are secreted and undergo self-templating assembly, a process whereby multiple kinetic factors influence the assembly of the incoming building blocks to produce non-equilibrium structures. A single macromolecule can form diverse functional structures when self-templated under different conditions. Collagen type I, for instance, forms transparent corneal tissues from orthogonally aligned nematic fibres, distinctively coloured skin tissues from cholesteric phase fibre bundles, and mineralized tissues from hierarchically organized fibres. Nature's self-templated materials surpass the functional and structural complexity achievable by current top-down and bottom-up fabrication methods. However, self-templating has not been thoroughly explored for engineering synthetic materials. Here we demonstrate the biomimetic, self-templating assembly of chiral colloidal particles (M13 phage) into functional materials. A single-step process produces long-range-ordered, supramolecular films showing multiple levels of hierarchical organization and helical twist. Three distinct supramolecular structures are created by this approach: nematic orthogonal twists, cholesteric helical ribbons and smectic helicolidal nanofilaments. Both chiral liquid crystalline phase transitions and competing interfacial forces at the interface are found to be critical factors in determining the morphology of the templated structures during assembly. The resulting materials show distinctive optical and photonic properties, functioning as chiral reflector/filters and structural colour matrices. In addition, M13 phages with genetically incorporated bioactive peptide ligands direct both soft and hard tissue growth in a hierarchically organized manner. Our assembly approach provides insight into the complexities of hierarchical assembly in nature and could be expanded to other chiral molecules to engineer sophisticated functional helical-twisted structures.     

Metallothionein promotes regenerative axonal sprouting of dorsal root ganglion neurons after physical axotomy

Prior studies have reported that metallothionein I/II (MT) promote regenerative axonal sprouting and neurite elongation of a variety of central nervous system neurons after injury. In this study, we evaluated whether MT is capable of modulating regenerative axon outgrowth of neurons from the peripheral nervous system. The effect of MT was firstly investigated in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants, where axons were scratch-injured in the presence or absence of exogenous MT. The application of MT led to a significant increase in regenerative sprouting of neurons 16 h after injury. We show that the pro-regenerative effect of MT involves an interaction with the low-density lipoprotein receptor megalin, which could be blocked using the competitive antagonist RAP. Pre-treatment with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD98059 also completely abrogated the effect of exogenous MT in promoting axonal outgrowth. Interestingly, we only observed megalin expression in neuronal soma and not axons in the DRG explants. To investigate this matter, an in vitro injury model was established using Campenot chambers, which allowed the application of MT selectively into either the axonal or cell body compartments after scratch injury was performed to axons. At 16 h after injury, regenerating axons were significantly longer only when exogenous MT was applied solely to the soma compartment, in accordance with the localized expression of megalin in neuronal cell bodies. This study provides a clear indication that MT promotes axonal regeneration of DRG neurons, via a megalin- and MAPK-dependent mechanism.     

韩国松褐天牛和云杉花墨天牛传播的伞滑刃属线虫

以往研究认为,2006年前在韩国唯一的传播松材线虫的天牛是松褐天牛,但是最近的研究发现云杉花墨天牛也能传播松材线虫。对于两种天牛携带和传播线虫种类,特别是对拟松材线虫的携带和传播途径需要进一步研究。拟松材线虫分为欧洲型和东亚型,在韩国两种生物型都存在。笔者的研究表明大部分云杉花墨天牛携带的是欧洲型的拟松材线虫。     

Creation and diagnosis of a solid-density plasma with an X-ray free-electron laser

Matter with a high energy density (>10(5)?joules per cm(3)) is prevalent throughout the Universe, being present in all types of stars and towards the centre of the giant planets; it is also relevant for inertial confinement fusion. Its thermodynamic and transport properties are challenging to measure, requiring the creation of sufficiently long-lived samples at homogeneous temperatures and densities. With the advent of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray laser, high-intensity radiation (>10(17)?watts per cm(2), previously the domain of optical lasers) can be produced at X-ray wavelengths. The interaction of single atoms with such intense X-rays has recently been investigated. An understanding of the contrasting case of intense X-ray interaction with dense systems is important from a fundamental viewpoint and for applications. Here we report the experimental creation of a solid-density plasma at temperatures in excess of 10(6) kelvin on inertial-confinement timescales using an X-ray free-electron laser. We discuss the pertinent physics of the intense X-ray-matter interactions, and illustrate the importance of electron-ion collisions. Detailed simulations of the interaction process conducted with a radiative-collisional code show good qualitative agreement with the experimental results. We obtain insights into the evolution of the charge state distribution of the system, the electron density and temperature, and the timescales of collisional processes. Our results should inform future high-intensity X-ray experiments involving dense samples, such as X-ray diffractive imaging of biological systems, material science investigations, and the study of matter in extreme conditions.     

All-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency

Dye-sensitized solar cells based on titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) are promising low-cost alternatives to conventional solid-state photovoltaic devices based on materials such as Si, CdTe and CuIn(1-x)Ga(x)Se(2) (refs 1, 2). Despite offering relatively high conversion efficiencies for solar energy, typical dye-sensitized solar cells suffer from durability problems that result from their use of organic liquid electrolytes containing the iodide/tri-iodide redox couple, which causes serious problems such as electrode corrosion and electrolyte leakage. Replacements for iodine-based liquid electrolytes have been extensively studied, but the efficiencies of the resulting devices remain low. Here we show that the solution-processable p-type direct bandgap semiconductor CsSnI(3) can be used for hole conduction in lieu of a liquid electrolyte. The resulting solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells consist of CsSnI(2.95)F(0.05) doped with SnF(2), nanoporous TiO(2) and the dye N719, and show conversion efficiencies of up to 10.2 per cent (8.51 per cent with a mask). With a bandgap of 1.3 electronvolts, CsSnI(3) enhances visible light absorption on the red side of the spectrum to outperform the typical dye-sensitized solar cells in this spectral region.