Pre- and postreaction pH of two specifically interacting large-molecule systems

Zusammenfassung Diphtherietoxoide und Antitoxin einerseits, gruppen-spezifisches Pflanzenagglutinin und Blutgruppensubstanz anderseits, wurden auf verschiedenes pH gebracht und das erste und das zweite Paar gemischt, ohne dass eine pH-Änderung eintrat. Es wird eine Erklärung versucht.

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The work reported in this paper was made possible by support extended to Boston University by the National Science Foundation (G-1583) and by research grants (H-1076[C4] and RG 4104 M & G) from the National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service.     

Indirect reciprocity can stabilize cooperation without the second-order free rider problem

Models of large-scale human cooperation take two forms. 'Indirect reciprocity' occurs when individuals help others in order to uphold a reputation and so be included in future cooperation. In 'collective action', individuals engage in costly behaviour that benefits the group as a whole. Although the evolution of indirect reciprocity is theoretically plausible, there is no consensus about how collective action evolves. Evidence suggests that punishing free riders can maintain cooperation, but why individuals should engage in costly punishment is unclear. Solutions to this 'second-order free rider problem' include meta-punishment, mutation, conformism, signalling and group-selection. The threat of exclusion from indirect reciprocity can sustain collective action in the laboratory. Here, we show that such exclusion is evolutionarily stable, providing an incentive to engage in costly cooperation, while avoiding the second-order free rider problem because punishers can withhold help from free riders without damaging their reputations. However, we also show that such a strategy cannot invade a population in which indirect reciprocity is not linked to collective action, thus leaving unexplained how collective action arises.     

Binding bovine immunoglobulins to anterior lobe cells of the hypophysis

Summary Cells of the anterior lobe of the bovine hypophysis, show an affinity for immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM. The phenomenon either provides a message to stimulate cellular secretion or to excite mechanisms associated with the synthesis and release of Ig's or their determinants.This study was supported by a grant from the National Research council of Canada.     

Common variants in ZNF365 are associated with both mammographic density and breast cancer risk

High-percent mammographic density adjusted for age and body mass index is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer. We conducted a meta analysis of five genome-wide association studies of percent mammographic density and report an association with rs10995190 in ZNF365 (combined P = 9.6 × 10(-10)). Common variants in ZNF365 have also recently been associated with susceptibility to breast cancer.