UCP2 mediates ghrelin's action on NPY/AgRP neurons by lowering free radicals

The gut-derived hormone ghrelin exerts its effect on the brain by regulating neuronal activity. Ghrelin-induced feeding behaviour is controlled by arcuate nucleus neurons that co-express neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein (NPY/AgRP neurons). However, the intracellular mechanisms triggered by ghrelin to alter NPY/AgRP neuronal activity are poorly understood. Here we show that ghrelin initiates robust changes in hypothalamic mitochondrial respiration in mice that are dependent on uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). Activation of this mitochondrial mechanism is critical for ghrelin-induced mitochondrial proliferation and electric activation of NPY/AgRP neurons, for ghrelin-triggered synaptic plasticity of pro-opiomelanocortin-expressing neurons, and for ghrelin-induced food intake. The UCP2-dependent action of ghrelin on NPY/AgRP neurons is driven by a hypothalamic fatty acid oxidation pathway involving AMPK, CPT1 and free radicals that are scavenged by UCP2. These results reveal a signalling modality connecting mitochondria-mediated effects of G-protein-coupled receptors on neuronal function and associated behaviour.     

螺旋锥齿轮空间曲面NC加工插补误差分析

基于空间曲面共轭原理，建立螺旋锥齿轮的齿面矢量方程，由空间坐标系的变换，确定出刀具相对工件的位置和姿态，实现刀具与工件的相对运动，在综合考虑齿面形状、刀具形态及机床结构等因素的基础上，分析了五坐标螺旋锥齿轮面NC过程插补误差，建立考虑齿面NC插补误差的螺旋齿轮数控加工方法，计算结果与加工实验结果基本一致。     

数控加工中心误差G代码补偿技术

提出了数控加工中心误差的G代码补偿方法，应用刚体运动学理论和齐次坐标变换技术建立了多轴数控加工中心空间误差的通用模型，把加工患具相对工件的终端误差表示为各个误差源和刀具位置的函数，给出了全部运动误差参数的激光干涉仪识别方法，提出了数控加工中心三种基本运动的误差补偿算法，在立式加工中心上进行了该方法的实验，结果表明引入误差补偿后使加工中心的系统误差减小80％－90％。     

可重构的虚拟数控远程操作面板生成系统研究

介绍了虚拟数控系统软件芯片的构建方法，研究了基于可重构的虚拟数控操作面板设计原理和实现技术；利用COM／DOOM技术，开发实现了可重构的、可定制的虚拟数控操作面板生成系统，采用ASP，ActiveX等技术和通用的协议标准TCP／IP，实现了了基于Web的虚拟数控系统的远程操作与监控，并给出了系统的运行实例。     

Evolution and environment in the Hominoidea.

Between 10 and 20 million years ago, a variety of hominoid primates lived in Africa, Europe and Asia. The question of which of these, if any, lie closest to the ancestries of humans and modern apes remains a lively source of debate. Recent fossil discoveries, though, shed light on the environments in which the various groups of hominoid emerged and, it is hoped, on their evolution. But the lack of a hominid fossil record before about 5 million years ago--and any fossil record for the African apes--is still a frustrating barrier.     

Precursors to regulatory peptides: their proteolytic processing

Precursors to regulatory peptides undergo maturation processes which include proteolytic processing. The enzymes involved in this process remove the hydrophobic peptide located at the amino-terminus of the precursor. Endoprotease cleavage also occurs at single and two adjacent basic residues, this is followed by a removal of basic residues located at the C-terminus of the peptides by a carboxypeptidase-like enzyme.     

DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9

Chromosome 9 is highly structurally polymorphic. It contains the largest autosomal block of heterochromatin, which is heteromorphic in 6-8% of humans, whereas pericentric inversions occur in more than 1% of the population. The finished euchromatic sequence of chromosome 9 comprises 109,044,351 base pairs and represents >99.6% of the region. Analysis of the sequence reveals many intra- and interchromosomal duplications, including segmental duplications adjacent to both the centromere and the large heterochromatic block. We have annotated 1,149 genes, including genes implicated in male-to-female sex reversal, cancer and neurodegenerative disease, and 426 pseudogenes. The chromosome contains the largest interferon gene cluster in the human genome. There is also a region of exceptionally high gene and G + C content including genes paralogous to those in the major histocompatibility complex. We have also detected recently duplicated genes that exhibit different rates of sequence divergence, presumably reflecting natural selection.