Inner ear of the coelacanth fish Latimeria has tetrapod affinities

Auditory reception in elasmobranchs, teleosts and amphibians may be mediated by various inner-ear sensory epithelia 1–3, including the basilar papilla, which seems to be the precursor of the cochlea in mammals. The origin of the basilar papilla remains a major unsolved problem for understanding the evolution of hearing in terrestrial vertebrates4–6. Study of living species indicates that the basilar papilla is a unique feature of tetrapods 6,7, but palaeonto-logical data indicate that this epithelium as well as a middle ear, is already present in crossopterygian fish 8–10. However, no basilar papilla has been found in the only living crossopterygian species, the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae 11. I have re-examined the inner ear of adult and embryonic Latimeria and find a membranous specialization which resembles in structure, position and innerva-tion pattern the basilar papilla of tetrapods, in particular amniotes. No epithelium comparable to the basilar papilla was found in lungfish. I suggest that the basilar papillae of Latimeria and tetrapods are homologous and evolved only once in their common ancestor.     

炉温滑模变结构控制系统的研究

针对ＧＪ型光辐射加热炉在对不同材料加热时,其数学模型参数变化范围较大的特点,提出了采用滑模变结构控制代替常规ＰＩＤ控制的方法,并对炉温变结构控制系统进行了仿真研究,研究结果表明,采用变结构控制的炉温控制系统,不仅有很好的动态特性,而且具有较强的鲁棒性,对对象参数摄动具有很好的自适应能力,这将大大增加辐射加热炉的应用范围。     

微量吸附量热法研究Zn-Al水滑石及其衍生复合氧化物的酸碱性质

由共沉淀法合成了Ｚｎ／Ａｌ摩尔比为１、２、３和６的Ｚｎ－Ａｌ水滑石．热重－差热结果显示其分解经两个过程,分别对应１８０和２２０℃的吸热峰．经４００℃焙烧,生成Ｚｎ－Ａｌ复合氧化物,ＸＲＤ测定仅显示ＺｎＯ物相（除Ｚｎ／Ａｌ比为６的样品）,表明组成成分均一．微量吸附量热结果表明Ｚｎ－Ａｌ复合氧化物的表面酸碱性介于γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＺｎＯ之间,碱性（酸性）随着Ｚｎ（Ａｌ）含量的增加而增强．     

微重力条件下流动与传热传质的地面模拟

为了给载人航天器热设计提供依据,考核热控系统的适应能力以及确定热湿控制参数。发展了材料－温度－湿度保持技术,以实现微重力条件下导热－对流－辐射换热与传质稳态系统的地面相似模拟。通过调整壁面热流密度分布,可以使尺寸适当缩小后的模型的材料、温度和湿度同时保持不变,同时还能抑制由重力引起的自然对流的作用,从而实现地面模型与微重力场中原型流动、换热和传质相似。并用数值方法对均匀进风条件下的流动、换热和传质的相似性进行了验证。     

机车用柴油机连杆杆身模锻成形的计算机模拟

连杆工字型杆身肋底是模锻成形中经常产生缺陷的部位。采用基于ＡＮＳＹＳ软件所开发的弹塑性热－力耦合有限元模拟系统,利用网格重划技术,对机车用柴油机连杆杆身截面模锻成形进行了弹塑性热－力耦合有限元模拟,得到了变形过程中的应力场、应变场及温度场的分布。根据变形过程中节点流动趋势,分析了折叠可能产生的原因和部位,并为确定合理的成形工艺方案和模具形状、提高成形质量和模具寿命提供了可靠的依据。     

方腔内混合对流换热的数值研究与模型实验

为研究方腔内混合对流向受迫对流过渡的临界参数,通过数值模拟和模型实验,得到了不同工况下的流场、温度场,并将数值结果与实验结果进行了对比,通过一系列的数值计算,取得了均匀通风方式时混合对流处于受迫对流占优状态、自然对流受到抑制时的特征参数,指出描述方腔内混合对流的特征参数Ｇｒ／Ｒｅｎ中的ｎ不等于２,并发现当自然对流引起的旋涡消失时,自然对流对换热仍有一定的影响。     

Symmetry perception in an insect

Symmetrical visual patterns have a salient status in human perception, as evinced by their prevalent occurrence in art, and also in animal perception, where they may be an indicator of phenotypic and genotypic quality. Symmetry perception has been demonstrated in humans, birds, dolphins and apes. Here we show that bees trained to discriminate bilaterally symmetrical from non-symmetrical patterns learn the task and transfer it appropriately to novel stimuli, thus demonstrating a capacity to detect and generalize symmetry or asymmetry. We conclude that bees, and possibly flower-visiting insects in general, can acquire a generalized preference towards symmetrical or, alternatively, asymmetrical patterns depending on experience, and that symmetry detection is preformed or can be learned as perceptual category by insects, because it can be extracted as an independent visual pattern feature. Bees show a predisposition for learning and generalized symmetry because, if trained to it, they choose it more frequently, come closer to and hover longer in front of the novel symmetrical stimuli than the bees trained for asymmetry do for the novel asymmetrical stimuli. Thus, even organisms with comparatively small nervous systems can generalize about symmetry, and favour symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns.     

日中机器翻译中的可保留歧义关系

着重阐述了日中机器翻译中可保留歧义关系（ＲＳＡ）这一新概念及其处 理手法．所谓可保留歧义关系是指即使不消除原输入文中授受构造上的歧义 性也能生成反映原文意思的译文关系．具体而言,就是研究由并列助词［］、 连体助词［の］和名词构成的名词短语及由用言连体形构成的句子中授受构 造上的可保留歧义性;并在此基础上提出了一个新的翻译方法．从技术论文 的２ ９１９个句子中抽出了含有上述可保留歧义关系类型的句子８０６个进行了 翻译实验,正确率为９７．７％．从而确认了所提方法的有效性．