Correlation,entropy, and information transfer in black hole radiation

Since the discovery of Hawking radiation, its consistency with quantum theory has been widely questioned. In the widely described picture, irrespective of what initial state a black hole starts with before collapsing, it eventually evolves into a thermal state of Hawking radiations after the black hole is exhausted. This scenario violates the principle of unitarity as required for quantum mechanics and leads to the acclaimed ‘‘information loss paradox'. This paradox has become an obstacle or a reversed touchstone for any possible theory to unify the gravity and quantum mechanics. Based on the results from Hawking radiation as tunneling, we recently show that Hawking radiations can carry off all information about the collapsed matter in a black hole. After discovering the existence of information-carrying correlation, we show in great detail that entropy is conserved for Hawking radiation based on standard probability theory and statistics. We claim that information previously considered lost remains hidden inside Hawking radiation. More specifically, it is encoded into correlations between Hawking radiations. Our study thus establishes harmony between Hawking radiation and the unitarity of quantum mechanics, which establishes the basis for a significant milestone toward resolving the long-standing information loss paradox. The paper provides a brief review of the exciting development on Hawking radiation. In addition to summarize our own work on this subject, we compare and address other related studies.     

Conservation status of the threatened, insular San Jose brush rabbit ( Sylvilagus mansuetus )

The conservation status and distribution of the insular endemic San Jose brush rabbit ( Sylvilagus mansuetus ), as well as threats to its population viability, were determined through surveys undertaken since 1995 on San José Island in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Sylvilagus mansuetus is restricted to a specific desert habitat found in the southwestern coastal plains of the island. Vegetation in this habitat is composed primarily of 7 plant species. The extent of rabbit occurrence is only 20 km 2 , and the population density estimate in the most optimal habitat is 25–35 individuals · km –2 . To our knowledge, the San Jose brush rabbit possesses the smallest distribution among all lagomorph species. Sylvilagus mansuetus is threatened by a population of feral cats and by human activities, including illegal hunting, development of a tourist area, and a salt mine. Human activities, even over a short time frame, could severely impact this restricted area and endanger the survival of this species. Recommended management includes removing cats and conducting additional research on the rabbit’s life history and ecology. Se determinó el estado de conservación y la distribución del conejo de San José ( Sylvilagus mansuetus ), una especie insular endémica, mediante muestreos que se han llevado a cabo desde 1995 en la isla de San José en el Mar de Cortés, México. Sylvilagus mansuetus quedó restringido a un tipo específico de hábitat desértico en la llanura costera suroccidental de la isla, donde predominan 7 especies de plantas. La extensión de la especie es de sólo 20 km 2 , y la densidad de la población en el hábitat óptimo se estimó entre 25 y 35 individuos · km –2 . Hasta donde conocemos, el conejo de San José tiene el área de distribución más pequeña de todas las especies de lagomorfos. Sylvilagus mansuetus se ve amenazado por una población de gatos ferales y por actividades humanas tales como la caza ilegal, el turismo y la operación de una mina de sal. Las actividades humanas podrían tener un impacto severo en esta área restringida y podrían poner en peligro la supervivencia de esta especie dentro de poco tiempo. Algunas acciones recomendables para el manejo de la especie incluyen el eliminar los gatos y llevar a cabo estudios adicionales para obtener más detalles sobre la biología y ecología del conejo a fin de mejorar su conservación.     

Status of an invading mainland jackrabbit on Cerralvo island, Gulf of California

We report the first observations of the black-tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus ) on Cerralvo Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Evidence suggests a self-sustaining population. Analysis of available records indicates no previous record of Lepus on the island. Introduction of the jackrabbit to the island appears to have occurred between 1960 and 1991.     

Growth and demography of one population of the lizard Sceloporus mucronatus mucronatus

We report on growth and demography of Sceloporus mucronatus mucronatus , a lizard subspecies endemic to central Mexico. We characterize the life history of this subspecies, provide quantitative information relevant to conservation, and add to the growing literature on the diversity of life histories in the genus Sceloporus . We calculated body growth rates and fitted them to the Von Bertalanffy, the logistic-by-length, and the logistic-by-weight growth models. The Von Bertalanffy model provided the best fit, and we used it to analyze the growth pattern. Growth rates were similar during the 1st year of life in both sexes, but after that point males grew faster and reached maturity earlier (20 months) than females (31 months). We used a population projection matrix to model population dynamics during 2003–2004 and found a positive population growth rate (λ = 1.769). However, based on the projected stable size-class vector ( w ), this population does not appear to have reached stability, and it might be currently experiencing considerable interannual fluctuations. Elasticity values showed that the transition from the juvenile stage to the 1st adult stage was the vital rate that contributes the most to population growth rate, followed by fecundity and stasis of the 1st reproductive category. While total elasticities for demographic processes were similar, elasticities per size class showed the relatively high importance of small adults in comparison to juveniles and large adults. The restriction of this endemic subspecies to central Mexico, where human activities and consequent habitat destruction are increasing, demands further quantitative evaluation and monitoring of populations, even though our results indicate a potential for population growth.     

Distribution and ecology of freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) collected from springs of Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon: a preliminary study

Fourteen freshwater ostracod species collected from 24 springs in Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon between 1991 and 1994 were classified. Their ecology, based on major water parameters (i.e., temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity), and biogeographical distribution in North America were studied. Among these 14 species, 9 ( Ilyocypris bradyi , I. gibba , Darwinula stevensoni , Candona candida , Heterocypris incongruens , Herpetocypris reptans , H. chevreuxi , Prionocypris canadensis , P. longiforma ) are new records for Nevadas ostracod fauna, while 3 ( H. reptans , P. canadensis , and Cypria turneri ) are new species for Oregon. H. reptans , P. canadensis , and Heterocypris salina are also recorded as new for the ostracod literature of Idaho. Scottia pseudobrowniana , collected from Nevada, is a new ostracod species for the United States. The occurrence of 5 Holarctic species in the northern Great Basin area may suggest a possible historical relationship with the European ostracod fauna.     

偏心支撑框架子结构实时混合仿真试验研究

实时混合仿真是一种新兴的结构抗震试验方法.建立了一套混合仿真试验系统,其中包括基于OpenSees有限元软件的数值模拟计算机,具有时滞补偿功能的目标计算机以及终端连接的电液伺服控制系统.在MATLAB中建立Simulink数值仿真模型,并提出了一种基于位移预测的自适应前馈时滞补偿器.最后,以一个单层三跨高强钢组合偏心支撑钢框架结构为原型,取边跨带有偏心支撑的单层钢框架作为试验子结构,进行了一个缩尺比例为1/2结构模型的实时混合仿真试验.试验结果表明随着模型整体响应加速度峰值的增大,控制系统的最大时滞补偿误差、最大幅值误差均有增大趋势,但均在容差允许范围之内,同时说明了该混合仿真试验系统具备良好的稳定性和精度,能够有效地对偏心支撑框架子结构结构模型进行抗震性能试验.     

一致质量矩阵在向量式有限元中的应用

为研究一致质量矩阵在向量式有限元分析中的应用,采用第二类拉格朗日方程建立向量式有限元的质点运动方程,从能量原理推导了一致质量矩阵、集中质量矩阵和力矩阵,并引入节点位移约束,对两种质量矩阵在杆系结构中的向量化方程及含义作了对比.进一步通过受冲击荷载的无约束杆算例和受突加荷载的平面桁架算例,对比了采用两种质量矩阵的向量式有限元、刚体动力学及ANSYS分析软件得到的动力响应.结果表明:在瞬态动力分析中,采用一致质量矩阵比集中质量矩阵得到的结果更精确.当计算刚体平动时,两种质量矩阵的计算结果接近;而当计算刚体转动时,采用一致质量矩阵的向量式有限元方法具有较好的计算精度和效率,从而验证了一致质量矩阵在向量式有限元中的适用性和精准性.     

基于机液联合仿真的剪叉机构疲劳寿命分析

为解决工程机械复杂机液结构的疲劳寿命计算问题,以某型号高空作业平台剪叉机构为研究对象,提出了一种基于机液联合仿真的结构疲劳寿命计算方法.首先,建立了剪叉机构的机液联合刚柔耦合多体动力学仿真模型,分析了剪叉机构在举升过程中的受力情况,确定了极限工况为举升阶段79.2 s时刻,提取了各关键铰点处的载荷谱;并通过剪叉机构的油缸压力和结构应力测试实验,验证了动力学仿真模型的正确性;然后,基于联合仿真确定的极限工况和铰点载荷谱,对剪叉臂进行了极限工况下和单位载荷作用下的静力学分析,得到了剪叉臂结构应力分布情况;最后,利用铰点载荷谱和剪叉臂结构应力通过仿真获得剪叉臂疲劳损伤云图,确定了剪叉臂疲劳危险部位主要是剪叉臂各个零部件的连接位置处,为后续的疲劳寿命优化提供了基础.     

一种可再生能源接入的多端口 变换器及其能量协同管理

针对水力发电和光伏发电存在功率波动大、稳定性差等问题,提出了一种适应新能源接入的多端口变换器及能量协同控制方案.首先,针对多端口变换器常见的拓扑结构进行了对比分析,选定了多端口变换器的拓扑结构;其次,针对多种新能源(如光、水、风力等)能量互补的一般性问题,提出了一种基于多端口变换器的多模态能量协同控制方案.最后,仿真模拟了多工况下的运行状态,仿真结果表明,双层控制策略能有效地实现能量协调调度,能解决某局部区域内的负荷季节性过载问题.该多端口变换器能实现对直流母线电压、输出功率等关键参数的控制,具有较强的适应能力.     

带主梁的简化模型与响应面联合 的桥梁船撞易损性分析方法

以往桥梁船撞动力分析以给定事件确定性分析为主,难以反映船撞作用的偶然性和概率性特征,以及不同能量撞击下的桥梁损伤演化特征.为此,本文面向两类典型船舶,以桥梁墩柱受船舶撞击后的剩余承载能力作为损伤评估指标,较为系统地研究了桥梁船撞易损性.首先,建立了受压RC墩柱受到侧向冲击后剩余承载能力的直接模拟方法,通过与试验结果进行对比,验证了该模拟方法的有效性.然后,基于一座典型连续钢筋混凝土梁桥,建立了两种不同的有限元简化模型,并进行了比较和验证.提出一种有限元简化模型与响应面代理模型联合的桥梁船撞易损性分析方法,获得了两类典型船舶撞击下的桥梁易损性曲线.结果表明:所建立的响应面具有良好的精度,可替代复杂的非线性有限元计算;两类船舶类型撞击下的桥墩剩余承载力的响应特征区别较大,在球艏船撞击下剩余承载能力随船速的增大而均匀减少,而在受驳船撞击时,剩余承载能力与临界船速密切相关,呈现出双折线的特征,在进行样本设计时需基于临界速度进行分段;在相同船速及质量的情况下,驳船撞击所造成的结构损伤以及失效的概率普遍要高于球艏船撞击,实际设计中应尤为关注.