RGS2 regulates signal transduction in olfactory neurons by attenuating activation of adenylyl cyclase III

The heterotrimeric G-protein Gs couples cell-surface receptors to the activation of adenylyl cyclases and cyclic AMP production (reviewed in refs 1, 2). RGS proteins, which act as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for the G-protein alpha-subunits alpha(i) and alpha(q), lack such activity for alpha(s) (refs 3-6). But several RGS proteins inhibit cAMP production by Gs-linked receptors. Here we report that RGS2 reduces cAMP production by odorant-stimulated olfactory epithelium membranes, in which the alpha(s) family member alpha(olf) links odorant receptors to adenylyl cyclase activation. Unexpectedly, RGS2 reduces odorant-elicited cAMP production, not by acting on alpha(olf) but by inhibiting the activity of adenylyl cyclase type III, the predominant adenylyl cyclase isoform in olfactory neurons. Furthermore, whole-cell voltage clamp recordings of odorant-stimulated olfactory neurons indicate that endogenous RGS2 negatively regulates odorant-evoked intracellular signalling. These results reveal a mechanism for controlling the activities of adenylyl cyclases, which probably contributes to the ability of olfactory neurons to discriminate odours.     

中美社会力量设立科学技术奖比较研究

对中美两国社会力量设奖的历史与现状进行了系统考察,通过对比分析,认为二者在4个方面有相似之处,包括设奖者以专业学会为主、奖励范围以单个学科为主、奖励对象以个人为主、物质奖励和精神奖励相结合等;同时也存在5个方面的主要区别,包括社会力量设奖的影响力、国际奖的数量、对社会力量设奖的管理、资金来源、评审机制等。在此基础上,对如何推动中国社会力量设奖的健康发展提出了看法。     

基于可编程图形加速硬件的实时光线投射算法

为了在保证绘制图像质量的基础上将体绘制算法的绘制速度提高至实时,提出一种基于可编程图形加速硬件(GPU)的光线投射算法实现(GRC,GPU-based Ray Casting)。GRC在可编程GPU中进行重采样和分类,使用矩阵逆运算以降低重采样坐标的计算复杂度,使用后分类技术以降低算法的空间复杂度。实验表明:对于2563规模的体数据,GRC能够在保证图像质量的基础,以超过30fps的速度进行绘制。     

双寡头市场下可替代产品的价格与交付期决策模型

针对价格、时间敏感需求，研究双寡头市场下可替代产品的价格与交付期决策问题。构建了相关决策模型，对模型进行最优性分析，在此基础上提出一个求解最优解的算法。通过数值算例，探讨不同企业及市场特征对竞争策略的影响。研究结论可以为相关企业进行产品价格与交付期决策提供有益的指导。     

汉语报刊新闻标题的特点及英译初析

汉语新闻标题多种多样,有单句标题,也有对偶,对仗或诗歌形式的二句或多句标题;有单层标题,也有二层甚至多层标题。汉语新闻标题有自己特点,因此它的英译方法也有着自己的特点,它与常规翻译也有着不同之处。     

杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂合杂交受精的细胞学研究

应用组织学方法。研究了杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂舍种间杂交受精过程的核相变化。结果表明杂色鲍♀×盘鲍♂种间杂交受精主要表现出两性融合的特点．盘鲍精子进入杂色鲍卵子。9min后中心粒发育为星光；精子头部逐渐膨大、液化形成雄性原核，39min后与雌性原核会合，而后融合．约3．2％的受精卵中观察到1个受精卵中同时存在3个即将融合的原核，这可能是多精入卵或卵子染色体组自发加倍的结果．42min后开始第1次有丝分裂。此时在极个别发育卵中发现固缩的染色质小体、微核、或分离不同步的染色体．     

导航定位系统的设计及应用

设计了一种激光导航定位系统,详细介绍了系统工作原理并作了推算论证.结果表明本系统可以对10公里以内的舰船进行目标定位,激光测距精度为±5米.还可以安装在航行的舰船上,进行目标跟踪,跟踪效果良好,实验结果满意.     

合成条件及添加三乙醇胺对水热法合成TS-1分子筛及其性能的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)、钛酸丁酯(TBOT)、四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)分别作硅源、钛源及模板剂水热合成了TS1分子筛.考察了TEOS水解时的水硅比、TEOS水解温度、TPAOH用量及添加三乙醇胺(TEA)对TS1分子筛合成及其性能的影响.采用XRD、SEM、N2吸附等手段对试样进行表征,同时以环己酮氨肟化反应考察试样的催化活性.结果表明,TEOS水解过程中,n(H2O)/n(SiO2)在20～40的范围内对TS1的合成及性能影响不大.水解温度较高(60 ℃)时,加入少量TPAOH (n(TPAOH)/n(SiO2)=0.125)即可得到性能较好的TS1,而在水解过程中添加适量TEA则能进一步改善TS1分子筛的性能.在水解温度为60 ℃、n(SiO2)∶n(TPAOH)∶n(TEA)∶n(H2O)为1∶0.125∶0.065∶20时合成出的TS1用于环己酮氨肟化反应,环己酮转化率达到90.7%,环己酮肟选择性达到92.4%,催化活性与高TPAOH用量合成的TS1接近,而TPAOH的用量大大降低.     

Inhibitory Kinetics of p-Substituted Benzaldehydes on Polyphenol Oxidase from the Fifth Instar of Pieris Rapae L.

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is the enzyme responsible for enzymatic browning during the growth of insects. It is also involved in defense reactions and is related with immunities in insects. PPO, a metalloenzyme oxidase, catalyzes the oxidation of ο-diphenol to ο-quinone. The present paper de- scribes the effects of benzaldehyde and its p-substituted derivatives on the activity of PPO from the fifth instar of Pieris rapae L. PPO from the fifth instar of Pieris rapae L. was purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The enzyme kinetics was characterized using L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrate. The results show that benzaldehyde, p- hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde, and p-cyanobenzaldehyde can inhibit the PPO activity for the oxidation of L-DOPA. The inhibitor concentration leading to 50% activity lost, IC50, was esti- mated to be 5.90, 5.62, 2.83, and 2.91 mmol/L for the four tested inhibitors, respectively. Kinetic analy- ses show that the inhibitory effects of these compounds are reversible. Benzaldehyde, p- hydroxybenzaldehyde, and p-chlorobenzaldehyde are noncompetitive inhibitors while p-cyano- benzaldehyde is a mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition constants were determined for all four inhibitors. p-chlorobenzaldehyde and p-cyanobenzaldehyde were more potent inhibitors than the other com- pounds. These results provide a basis for developing PPO inhibition-based pesticides.