对21世纪我国技术科学发展战略的思考

本文讨论了技术科学的范畴与作用,以及21世纪我国技术科学面临的机遇与挑战,提出了制定21世纪我国技术科学发展战略应当遵循的一些重要原则和主要优先考虑的问题。     

美国科技发展模式特征及对中国的启示

科技发展模式是对国家科技发展的高度概括与总结，选择合理的科技发展模式是实现国家整体发展战略的重要组成部分。本文深入剖析了美国科技发展模式的基本特点及形成条件，为我国制定21世纪的中长期科技发展战略提供了一些的意见与建议。     

法国科技计划及其对我国的启示

作为传统工业强国,法国拥有悠久的科技传统和卓越的科研体系,具备健全的科技计划管理体系,在科技计划的制定方面有很多成功经验值得我国借鉴。本文对法国21世纪初以来的主要科技计划进行梳理,包括竞争力极点计划、未来投资计划、新工业法国计划和未来工业计划等;重点分析其优先发展领域,并总结法国科技计划的制定与管理特点;对我国科技计划的制定和实施进行再思考,从机构设置、过程管理、法律保障和专项领域规划四个方面给出相应建议,以期为完善我国科技计划制定和实施提供参考。     

美国中小企业生存环境的八大要素

中外经济发展的实践表明，中小企业的大量存在是经济发展的内在要求和必然结果，是经济体系中形成合理的价格体系、维护市场竞争活力、确保经济运行稳定、保障充分就业的前提和条件。自20世纪70年代英国博尔顿报告以来，为中小企业尽可能地营造一个良好的生存环境，已经成为世界各国重要的政策取向，美国走在世界前列。我国中小企业的发展走过了很长一段弯路，究其原因在于没有建设好促进其生存的环境。本文分析了美国中小企业生存环境的要点，对于我国制定和调整中小企业政策、促进其健康发展具有借鉴意义。     

我国太阳能光伏产业发展形势和思考

本文介绍了我国太阳能光伏产业发展概况并分析了未来发展趋势。为了对未来的发展趋势有更深刻的认识,在介绍世界光伏产业发展的同时,从21世纪人类能源结构将发生根本性变革的形势出发,论述了发展太阳能光伏发电等可再生能源产业对全人类的必要性和紧迫性,并根据我国能源形势说明我国发展太阳能光伏产业的必要性和紧迫性更加突出。本文以若干案例为据论述了国家的政策法规是影响太阳能等可再生能源产业发展的最关键因素,建议国家尽快制定强有力的政策法规,使我国光伏产业在激烈竞争中持续健康发展,满足我国可持续发展战略的需要。     

我国制造科学的跨世纪发展战略与策略研究

本文阐述在新的国际政治，经济，科技形势下，制造业及先进制造技术在国民经济中的重要地位和作用；阐述２０世纪制造技术和制造科学的新发展；论述先进制造技术基础理论体系的建立将对发展先进制造技术起先导性，持久性和战略性的作用；提出跨世纪发展我国制造 战略指导思想，战略目标以及发展策略。     

一些国家近年的中小企业扶持政策及其对我国中小企业政策的启示

近年来，美国，德国，西班牙，泰国等国在进一步促进中小企业的发展上出台了很多新的扶持政策，结合我国中小企业的状况和存在的问题，对我国制定和完善中小企业政策很有借助意义。     

面向21世纪的微电子技术

本文对21世纪微电子技术的发展趋势作了一个展望。本文认为21世纪初的微电子技术仍将以硅基CMOS电路为主流工艺，但将突破目前所谓的物理“限制”，继续快速发展；集成电路将逐步发展成为集成系统；微电子技术将与其他技术结合形成一系列新的增长点，例如微机电系统（MEMS）、DNA芯片等将得到突飞猛进的发展。具体地，超微细光刻技术、虚拟工厂技术、铜互连及低κ互连绝缘介质、高κ栅绝缘介质、SOI技术等将在近几年内得到快速发展。21世纪将是我国微电子产业的黄金时代。     

浅议新加坡科技发展态势

在知识经济背景下，新加坡日益重视科技对于经济的推动作用。本文尝试从5个方面分析了新加坡科技发展的态势：科技投入和产出持续高增长，研发人力不断加强，研发基础设施日益完善，企业的研发和创新备受重视，相对竞争优势逐渐形成。     

世纪之交的地球科学发展展望

本文简介了地球科学在20世纪取得的重大成就,通过对地球科学发展的趋势的思考,提出了21世纪初叶我国地球科学发展的战略重点。     

Structures and molecules involved in generation and regulation of biological rhythms in vertebrates and invertebrates

Melatonin from the retina and the pineal gland functions in neuroendocrine hierarchies. Photoreceptors — eyes and extraretinal — detect light. Oscillators — pineal and suprachiasmatic nuclei — act as pacemakers. Driven neuroendocrine rhythms carry temporal hormone signals throughout the body. Light controls melatonin: light sets the phase of the melatonin rhythm and determines the duration of melatonin synthesis. By these means, circadian rhythms (e.g. in locomotor activity and body temperature) and seasonal rhythms (e.g. in reproduction) are controlled.     

Secretion of cytokinins in vivo and in vitro byAlternaria brassicicola and their role in pathogenesis

Summary Formation of green islands in the host (mustard leaves) beneath the infection-drops containing germinating conidia ofAlternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltsch. has been correlated with the secretion of cytokinins by the pathogen.A. brassicicola also synthesized cytokinins in the liquid synthetic medium. Cytokinins produced in vitro were extracted, and their application on the detached mustard leaves evoked the formation of green islands.     

Telomeres and meiosis in health and disease

The aim of this review is threefold. First, we want to report on recent observations on the role of telomeres in the alignment of homolog and non-homologues in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the relationship of early telomere clustering to later recombination events. Second, we compare the similarities and differences between synaptic and asynaptic yeasts. Third, we report on the increasing evidence of the effect of meiosis on telomeric sequences that suggest an induction of a specific form of recombination processes termed telomere rapid deletion.     

Studies of total and protein-bound plasma Mg++ in wild and hatchery-reared coho salmon smolts in freshwater and in seawater

Summary Total plasma Mg⁺⁺ and Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺ in erythrocytes as well as protein-bound plasma Mg⁺⁺ were investigated in wild and hatchery-reared smolts. The proportion of plasma Mg⁺⁺ which was bound to plasma protein did not change significantly during entry into seawater, even though the in vitro addition of exogenous Mg⁺⁺ to the plasma showed that additional binding was possible.     

Telomeres and meiosis in health and disease

Meiotic dysfunction increasingly afflicts women as they age, resulting in infertility, miscarriage and handicapped offspring. How aging disrupts meiotic function in women remains unclear, but as women increasingly delay childbearing, this issue becomes urgent. Telomeres, which mediate aging in mitotic cells, may also mediate aging during meiosis. Telomeres shorten during DNA replication. In mammals, oocytes remain quiescent, but their precursors replicated during fetal oogenesis. Moreover, eggs ovulated from older women entered meiosis later during fetal oogenesis than eggs ovulated when younger, and therefore underwent more replications. Telomeres also shorten from reactive oxygen, which triggers a DNA repair response, so the prolonged interval between fetal oogenesis and ovulation in some women would further shorten telomeres. Mice normally do not exhibit age-related meiotic dysfunction (interestingly, their telomeres are manyfold longer than telomeres in women), but genetic or pharmacologic shortening of mouse telomeres recapitulates the reproductive aging phenotype of women. This has led to a telomere theory of age-related meiotic dysfunction in women, and underlined the importance to human health of a mechanistic understanding of telomeres and meiosis.     

Telomeres and meiosis in health and disease

Telomeres are important segments of chromosomes that protect chromosome ends from nucleolytic degradation and fusion. At meiosis telomeres display an unprecedented behavior which involves their attachment and motility along the nuclear envelope. The movements become restricted to a limited nuclear sector during the so-called bouquet stage, which is widely conserved among species. Recent observations suggest that telomere clustering involves actin and/or microtubules, and is altered in the presence of impaired recombinogenic and chromosome related functions. This review aims to provide an overview of what is currently known about meiotic telomere attachment, dynamics and regulation in synaptic meiosis.     

Telomeres and meiosis in health and disease

Beyond their role in replication and chromosome end capping, telomeres are also thought to function in meiotic chromosome pairing, meiotic and mitotic chromosome segregation as well as in nuclear organization. Observations in both somatic and meiotic cells suggest that the positioning of telomeres within the nucleus is highly specific and believed to be dependent mainly on telomere interactions with the nuclear envelope either directly or through chromatin interacting proteins. Although little is known about the mechanism of telomere clustering, some studies show that it is an active process. Recent data have suggested a regulatory role for telomere chromatin structure in telomere movement. This review will summarize recent studies on telomere interactions with the nuclear matrix, telomere chromatin structure and factors that modify telomere chromatin structure as related to regulation of telomere movement.     

Telomeres and meiosis in health and disease

Telomeres are important segments of chromosomes that protect chromosome ends from nucleolytic degradation and fusion. At meiosis telomeres display an unprecedented behavior which involves their attachment and motility along the nuclear envelope. The movements become restricted to a limited nuclear sector during the so-called bouquet stage, which is widely conserved among species. Recent observations suggest that telomere clustering involves actin and/or microtubules, and is altered in the presence of impaired recombinogenic and chromosome related functions. This review aims to provide an overview of what is currently known about meiotic telomere attachment, dynamics and regulation in synaptic meiosis.