混凝土多轴应力状态下的徐变研究

在搜集国内外有关资料的基础上，通过对混凝土在多轴应力作用下的徐变与强度关系分析，说明在多轴应力状态下不能简单地采用叠加原理。展示了新的三轴徐变量测仪器及其徐变试验成果以及2组多轴与单轴应力状态下的徐变恢复试验成果，并对试验数据进行比较分析，得到多轴应力状态下徐变恢复与应力大小以及持荷时间之间的规律，证实了多轴应力状态下的徐变恢复与已经产生的压缩徐变有密切的关系。     

我国的化纤工业及其工程科技发展趋势

回顾了我国化纤工业发展历史，现状和地位，提出新世纪初我国化纤工程科技发展的方向和重点是加强差异化，功能性；提高工艺和装备水平，高性能纤维的产业化。研究开发绿色和新型纤维，还论述了我国化纤工业的薄弱环节和改进措施。     

有机/无机杂化材料与多功能纤维研究进展

有机/无机杂化材料能够实现有机高分子材料与无机材料在纳米或分子水平上的复合,在发挥各自组分特性的同时,体现出特有的协同效应,如新性能、多功能.该原理同样适用于有机/有机杂化体系.随着产业用纤维材料的不断发展,其应用领域也随之拓展,开发新型高分子材料,实现纤维的多功能化成为研究热点.根据纤维多功能化的发展需求,结合有机/无机杂化机理,在分子水平上设计构筑杂化功能材料,采用结构设计、界面构筑的方法建立杂化功能材料与成纤高聚物杂化体系.以成纤高分子的结构设计及凝聚态控制、纳米纤维和低维纳米材料的结构可控制备及其功能化复合为例,简要介绍了有机/无机杂化原理在纤维多功能化方面的研究进展,最后提出了多功能化有机/无机杂化纤维的展望.     

Expression of alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain in mammalian skeletal muscle.

We have investigated the reactivity of different human, rat and cat muscles to a monoclonal antibody directed against human alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain. We have found that special fiber subpopulations of human masseter and extraocular muscles, as well as the bag fibers of human, rat and cat muscle spindles, were reactive to this antibody, indicating that these fibers expressed alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain or a closely related isoform. This isomyosin was present in the spindle bag fibers at early fetal stages, whereas its expression in masseter and extraocular muscle fibers was not detected during the first 22 weeks of gestation. Our results add to the list of muscle proteins which are expressed in locations or at developmental stages other than those initially described, suggesting that a revision of the present nomenclature of the subgroups of myosin heavy chains might be considered in the future.     

一种高速铁路无砟轨道混凝土结构疲劳损伤模型

基于连续损伤力学理论和边界面概念,建立了高速铁路无砟轨道混凝土结构在循环荷载作用下的疲劳损伤模型.模型在主坐标系中采用了拉压两个边界面,根据加载面与极限断裂面、边界面之间的位置关系来计算高速铁路无砟轨道混凝土结构在复杂应力状态下的损伤,并由累积损伤与应变能释放率之间的关系确定循环加载中极限断裂面的变化规律.通过将该理论模型嵌入有限元软件ABAQUS的用户材料子程序UMAT,与同类模型进行比较验证了模型的可行性.最后对高速铁路双块式无砟轨道支承层进行了循环动荷载作用下的疲劳累积损伤分析.结果表明该模型不仅能够较好地反映支承层在循环荷载作用下疲劳损伤非线性演变规律,还可以展现其疲劳损伤分布形态的全过程,为研究高速铁路无砟轨道混凝土结构的疲劳损伤与寿命预测,提供了可行的理论分析方法.     

聚丙烯腈原丝在预氧化过程中的HRTEM组织演变

采用高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)研究了聚丙烯腈原丝和预氧丝横截面超薄切片的微观组织,揭示了预氧化过程中原丝组织结构的演变机理。结果表明,晶区的非晶化转变是原丝在预氧化过程中组织结构演变的主要形式;而晶面间距的逐渐变宽则是导致非晶化转变的直接原因。     

Expression of alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain in mammalian skeletal muscle

We have investigated the reactivity of different human, rat and cat muscles to a monoclonal antibody directed against human -cardiac myosin heavy chain. We have found that special fiber subpopulations of human massetr and extraocular muscles, as well as the bag fibers of human, rat and cat muscle spindles, were reactive to this antibody, indicating that these fibers expressed -cardiac myosin heavy chain or a closely related isoform. This isomyosin was present in the spindle bag fibers at early fetal stages, whereas its expression in masseter and extraocular muscle fibers was not detected during the first 22 weeks of gestation. Our results add to the list of muscle proteins which are expressed in locations or at developmental stages other than those initially described, suggesting that a revision of the present nomenclature of the subgroups of myosin heavy chains might be considered in the future.     

Interaction between bradykinin and voltage-sensitive sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibers

The effects of externally and internally applied bradykinin on the excitability of single myelinated nerve fibers were studied. External bradykinin (10 microM) slightly prolongs the action potential of a single myelinated nerve fiber; hence, when the fibers are stimulated by long-lasting pulses, this raises the frequency of repetitive firing in sensory fibers and evokes repetitive activity in motor fibers. Under voltage-clamp conditions, sodium channel inactivation is slowed, while sodium channel activation remains unaffected. Prolonged depolarization of the membrane leads to a maintained sodium current. The voltage dependence of the steady-state sodium current inactivation (h infinity) is shifted in the depolarized direction by approximately 10 mV. Internally applied bradykinin produces a frequency-dependent block of the sodium current. The phenomena described here imply that more than one site on the sodium channel is modified by bradykinin.     

玄武岩纤维布加固钢筋混凝土柱抗压对比试验研究

本文对玄武岩纤维布与碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土柱进行了对比试验,研究了加固后其承载力、延性、应变发展、裂缝及破坏特征等变化。并对混凝土柱上黏贴一层纤维布和两层纤维布进行了对比试验,分析了各种参数对玄武岩纤维布加固柱承载力和变形的影响。对相应工程应用提出建议。     

On the biomechanical function of the liver capsule

Summary We have carried out histomechanical studies on the human and bovine liver capsule under tension loading. Results: Nonlinear force-time curve under extension with constant speed, initial upper and lower summit decrease of the dynamic relaxation curve, amplitude diminution phenomenon of the dynamic relaxation in the lower nonlinear part of the extension-time curve, dynamic (cyclic) force recovery.Acknowledgments. We are grateful for helpful suggestions to Dr P. Freyer. The authors are indebted to Mrs C. Beckers and Mr W. Graulich — The experimental study was supported by the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft).     

基于累积变形演化状态控制的高速铁路基床结构设计计算方法

实现长期循环荷载作用下基床结构累积变形有效控制是建造高速铁路的技术难点之一.基于高速铁路无砟与有砟轨道路基承受列车动荷载特征,提出和完善了用于基床结构设计的荷载作用模式;根据循环荷载作用下土工填料累积变形演化状态的分类及阈值判别准则,结合室内单元结构填土模型试验,获得了级配碎石基床填料变形状态演化的阈值参数.以设计荷载条件和填料设计参数为基础,针对无砟与有砟轨道对基床变形状态控制的不同要求,采用结构分析原理,构建了基于累积变形演化状态控制的高速铁路基床结构设计计算方法,确定了无砟与有砟轨道基床结构累积变形分别满足快速稳定和缓慢稳定的状态控制要求,以地基系数K30值表征的关键参数指标.研究成果为实现高速铁路基床结构由构造设计向状态控制定值分析转变奠定了基础.     

Effect of norepinephrine and vasopressin on carotid sinus baroreceptor activity in the anesthetized rabbit

Summary Norepinephrine (NE) 10^–6 M or vasopressin (VP) 12.5 U/ml were injected into the isolated carotid sinus of anesthetized rabbits. The sinus was exposed either to the arterial pressure or to a pressure controlled reservoir. Multifiber and single fiber recordings were made. Both NE and VP increased baroreceptor activity at all sinus pressures but decreased activity in a few fibers. The results are consistent with the drugs having their effects on smooth muscle fibers in the adventitia.Acknowledgments. This work was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada and the B.C. Heart Foundation. The authors are grateful to J. Sharp and D. Morton for their excellent assistance.     

Modulation of calcium sensitivity in guinea pig taenia coli: skinned fiber studies

In summary then, skinned fiber experiments have provided evidence showing that the relationship between force development and free calcium ion concentration may be variable. The cyclic-nucleotides c-GMP (cf 38) and c-AMP in particular might be important in modulating calcium sensitivity of skinned fibers possibly via an alteration of myosin phosphorylation. Additionally, the coupling between myosin phosphorylation and the ATPase activity of actomyosin or tension generation may itself be modulated in actomyosin contractile systems. The recognition of the physiological relevance of these modulating mechanisms however must await experiments in which the relationship between force development, free calcium ion concentration and myosin phosphorylation is studied in intact fibers. With the advent of more sophisticated calcium measuring techniques, such information is now available.     

Different intrafusal fiber composition of spindles in sheep and pig extraocular muscles

Histochemical profiles of intrafusal fibers have been examined in muscle spindles of extraocular muscles of sheep and pig. Results show that in the sheep the intrafusal content presents, in addition to chain fibers, at least one bag1 and one bag2 fiber, whereas in the pig almost all the spindles are one-bag-fiber [corrected] spindles.     

Structural characteristics and distribution of satellite cells along crayfish muscle fibers.

The distribution of satellite cells (sc) in long-sarcomere muscle fibers from the carpopod extensor muscle of the crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis) has been studied electron-microscopically. The sc are spindle-shaped and are oriented parallel to the long axis of a fiber. The mean lengths of sc nuclei (17.00 microns) and that of myonuclei (18.35 microns) differ non-significantly. In older animals, the mean ratio of the number of sc nuclei to the total number of nuclei (sc nuclei + myonuclei) is 0.0716, 0.0848, and 0.034 for the tendon, central and shell segments, respectively. The corresponding values for younger animals are 0.158, 0.166, and 0.081. The mean numbers of sc nuclei per mm of a fiber are 94, 117, and 47 (older animals), and 164, 117, and 94 (younger animals) for the tendon, central and shell segments, respectively. The high incidence of sc per unit fiber length in crayfish may be related to the fact that crayfish muscle fibers have a much larger diameter than vertebrate muscle cells.     

Rp-diastereomer of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphorothioate as an antagonist of the stimulatory action of cyclic AMP on the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux in single barnacle muscle fibers

Single muscle fibers of the barnacle Balanus nubilus have been used as a preparation to test the possibility that the Rp-diastereomer of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphorothioate, which is the first available analog of cAMP that acts as an antagonist of cAMP, may reduce the magnitude of cAMP-mediated stimulation of the resting ouabain-insensitive Na efflux. The results obtained show that this antagonist is, in fact, able to reduce stimulation of the Na efflux by injected cAMP in a dose-dependent manner.     

Fourier transformation study of corneal stroma

The various patterns observed by generating Fourier transforms of the fixed normal corneal stroma are described. The patterns are analysed in terms of the dimensions of the stromal fibers, the dimensional and directional order of the fiber distribution and the order of the fiber-fiber functions by proteoglycans.     

Selective representation of vibrissa at the level of cerebellar Purkinje cells by way of climbing fibers in rats]

In the Rat peripheral information from snout vibrissae are transmitted to cerebellar Purkinje cells of Crus I and II by both mossy and climbing fibers. The climbing fiber pathway is organized in a very precise manner, a particular Purkinje cell being preferentially activated by a single vibrissa.     

The conduction velocity,number and diameter of unmyelinated fibers in Remak's nerve

Summary Remak's nerve in the chicken was examined ultrastructurally and electrophysiologically to determine the characteristics of fibers in the nerve trunk. The ratio of unmyelinated fibers to myelinated ones was 1111. The mean number of unmyelinated fibers was 3555±232 (SEM, n=5) and they had a mean diameter of 0.502±0.034 (SEM) m. The compound action potential consisted almost entirely of a large diphasic waveform which had a mean peak conduction velocity of 0.62±0.031 (SEM, n=5) m·s^–1 at 37°C.     

Interaction between bradykinin and voltage-sensitive sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibers

Summary The effects of externally and internally applied bradykinin on the excitability of single myelinated nerve fibers were studied. External bradykinin (10 M) slightly prolongs the action potential of a single myelinated nerve fiber; hence, when the fibers are stimulated by long-lasting pulses, this raises the frequency of repetitive firing in sensory fibers and evokes repetitive activity in motor fibers. Under voltage-clamp conditions, sodium channel inactivation is slowed, while sodium channel activation remains unaffected. Prolonged depolarization of th membrane leads to a maintained sodium current. The voltage dependence of the steady-state sodium current inactivation (h ) is shifted in the depolarized direction by 10 mV. Internally applied bradykinin produces a frequency-dependent block of the sodium current. The phenomena described here imply that more than one site on the sodium channel is modified by bradykinin.