面向三峡库区水环境监测的分区多跳LEACH算法

针对无线传感器网络节点能量受限的问题，结合三峡库区水环境的具体应用环境，提出一种基于LEACH算法的改进型无线传感器网络节能路由算法——LEACH—PM。该算法将整个网络划分为若干个区域，各个分区内按轮进行建立分簇和传输数据。在簇建立阶段，考虑了节点的剩余能量；在数据传输阶段，采用单跳与多跳相结合的方式以降低网络的能耗。应用MATLAB对LEACH-PM算法与已有的LEACH算法进行仿真比较。实验结果显示，LEACH—M算法能更好平衡网络节点能耗，降低簇头节点能耗，延长整个网络的生存期。     

脉冲电场作用下合金熔体原子团簇尺度变化模型

应用电偶极子理论，模拟了过热合金熔体在脉冲电场作用下团簇附近电场强度分布，得出在脉冲电场及电偶极子电场耦合场强作用下，由于电迁移速度不同，致使原子团簇附近溶剂、溶质淤积，进而使小尺度团簇有可能通过重构而长大；应用静电感应原理，计算了团簇半体受力情况，得出大尺度原子团簇半体受到耦合电场力较强，团簇稳定性减弱．研究表明，熔体内原子团簇在脉冲电场作用下其尺度有均一化趋势，即某一尺度原子团簇占优．     

水平井多簇压裂裂缝的竞争扩展与控制

针对水平井多簇压裂多裂缝竞争扩展问题,通过近似解显式求解了多裂缝扩展时的应力干扰作用,建立了水平井多簇射孔裂缝扩展模型.模型采用了近似方法,在保证一定精度的基础上,简化了计算工作量,并通过隐式水平集算法验证了方法的可靠性.基于该模型,对不同射孔工艺条件下各簇裂缝缝长、缝宽与进液量进行了数值模拟.结果表明:射孔摩阻和多裂缝应力干扰作用共同决定各簇裂缝流量分配.多簇裂缝同步扩展时,中间簇裂缝由于受到外侧裂缝的挤压作用,进液量、缝长和缝宽均小于外侧裂缝.缝间距增大会削弱中间簇裂缝流量、宽度和缝长减小的趋势.通过减少每簇射孔数量、射孔直径或者采用非均匀射孔的方式,可以促进各簇裂缝均衡进液与延伸.该研究为多裂缝展布形态优化与控制方法提供了理论依据与参考方法.     

面向数据流的加权聚类及演化分析研究

为解决无限数据流在有限内存空间中的聚类分析问题，本文提出了一种加权聚类及演化分析框架。为简要地描述此框架，给出了聚类、聚类簇的概念及其数据结构定义，接着对聚类、聚类簇的加法运算和差运算给出了清晰的描述和相应的实现算法。本框架与CluStream框架有较大的差别，这里采用聚类簇的加法运算来实现更大时间跨度内的聚类簇融合，采用聚类簇的差运算来进行聚类簇的演化分析。最后通过第一个例子来说明本框架是如何对数据流进行加权聚类及演化分析的，采用第二个例子来验证为实现本框架所需的十五个算法的正确性及有效性。     

银凝固过程中亚临界晶核和晶体团簇的分子动力学模拟

用分子动力学模拟方法研究了冷却速度对银最终构型的影响规律．通过分析银的径向分布函数、HA键对和最大晶体团簇中的原子数，确定出了银凝固后形成非晶的冷却速度．在此基础上，研究了周期性边界条件下银在凝固过程中亚临界晶核和晶体团簇的平衡结构．结果表明：在一定的冷却速度范围内，银熔体凝固后得到的组织是晶体团簇与非晶的混合体，最大晶体团簇尺寸随冷速的增加而减小，当冷速达到一个临界值时，晶体团簇完全消失．银熔体在凝固过程中的晶体团簇及结晶后的晶体是由面心立方和密排六方构成的层状偏聚结构．该层状偏聚结构起源于熔体中的晶胚，在形核阶段就已经生成，并非在生长阶段才开始产生．     

基于无线传感器网络的半导体设备数据采集设计

为了监测半导体前段制造厂的机台在生产过程中的关键参数，提出了一种基于无线传感器网络和以太网的半导体机台数据采集方案，研制了传感器节点和簇头节点，给出了传感器节点的硬件设计过程和部分源程序。测试结果表明：该系统可以对半导体机台关键生产参数进行远程采集、历史数据查询和故障实时报警，提高了半导体产品的良率以及工程师的工作效率。     

简评储氢与制氢研究中的问题与进展

储氢与再生氢的制备是到达氢经济时代必须解决的2个关键技术问题。通过阐述超临界温度下气体的吸附机理,指出基于吸附原理的储氢材料不可能具有工业应用前景,其它已知的储氢方法亦然,因此储氢研究必须从原理方面探索具有工业应用前景的储氢方法。虽然大多数制氢研究仍以化石燃料为制氢原料,但只有从水制得的氢才是再生氢,才具有可持续性、洁净性和能源安全性。简评了再生氢制备方法,并报告一种通过不同价态的铁氧化物之间的转换实现水不完全分解制取纯氢的实验室研究结果。     

设计模式指导的软件分簇方法

程序理解是一个从计算机程序中获取知识信息的过程,其主要目的是获取软件的各种有关知识以理解开发者的意图,从而支持针对现有或遗产软件系统进行软件评审、错误定位、反向工程、再工程、迁移、维护和复用等软件工程实践.本文提出一种设计模式指导的分簇方法,该方法采用程序中蕴涵的设计模式信息指导开源软件的分簇,运用"分而治之"的策略辅助程序开发者和维护人员快速、方便地理解代码.首先,采用设计模式检测技术从程序代码中抽取设计模式信息;然后,基于设计模式中角色间的相互关系,利用检测出的设计模式信息指导分簇;最后,对分簇结果可视化,以辅助程序理解.基于以上研究工作,开发了原型工具TasteJ并进行了实例研究,设计并实现了以人工为基准的实验来检验本文提出的软件分簇方法,并通过7个软件分簇度量函数,从统计的角度将其与现有主流软件分簇方法进行分析和比较,实验结果显示出本文所提方法的优势.     

具有小世界特性的低能耗无线传感器网络簇级拓扑研究

本文提出了一种具有小世界特性的无线传感器网络簇级拓扑算法,引入Temple University吴杰教授提出的UCR(unequal cluster-based routing)机制,靠近基站簇尺寸变小,解决基站附近网络耗能过多的热点问题.通过OPNET对构造的簇级拓扑结构进行仿真,当超级节点数目增加到6～18时,平均路径长度降低,路径长度变化率降低,节能曲线变化率升高,能耗降低效果显著.仿真实验还表明,本文提出的具有小世界特性的无线传感器网络簇级拓扑结构对随机攻击具有很强的鲁棒性,具有很好的生存性能.复杂网络理论中的小世界网络具有较大的聚集系数和较小的平均路径长度,通过在原有网络中添加超级节点,形成能与sink节点直接通信的捷径,可以降低网络平均路径长度和能量消耗.目前小世界特性用于WSN的研究中,尚未考虑到sink节点附近的热点问题.     

纳米团簇晶体的制备和结构研究

利用表面调制“幻数团簇”的方法制备出Al、Ga和In的纳米团簇人造晶体。这种方法是用Si(111) 7× 7表面作为“模板”生长尺寸相同和分布有序的纳米团簇。通过扫描隧道显微镜 (STM )原位分析结合第一性原理计算确定了金属纳米团簇的原子结构以及这些结构的形成机理。我们的研究表明对生长动力学的精确控制是制备团簇晶体的关键所在。此外 ,这种方法并不局限于制备某一种金属团簇。人造纳米团簇具有高的热稳定性和独特的结构使它们有希望在实际中得到广泛的应用。     

基于结构元方法的矿井机械模糊可靠性分析

应用模糊结构元理论,对矿井可修复机械设备可靠性中的有效度进行研究.首先,定义了模糊可靠度、模糊维修度和模糊有效度,并应用结构元理论对其进行表示.提出了相关的运算定理,在此基础上,再运用结构元理论对模糊有效度进行表示.之后,提出了正序,该序为全序.最后,用算例计算模糊有效度,通过正序对有效度进行比较.结果表明,运用模糊有...     

Relationship between steady-state activation and availability of cardiac sodium channel: evidence of uncoupling

The coupling between steady-state activation and availability from inactivation was characterized for the cardiac Na⁺ channel. To evaluate this coupling, we plotted the relationship between the conductance and availability curve midpoint potentials measured in 92 rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and applied a correlation analysis. We found a high correlation between the midpoints (correlation coefficient = 0.86, slope = 0.95) within the availability midpoint potential range positive to -100 mV. In contrast, the midpoints were not correlated in the myocytes (37 of 92 cells) having mid point potential negative to -100 mV, indicating an uncoupling between activation and availability. Received 1 October 1997; received after revision 28 October 1997; accepted 13 November 1997     

Lack of platelet factor-3 activation after incubation of platelet-rich plasma with kaolin in the rat.

Stypven times, measured in rat platelet-rich plasma (P.R.P.) after incubation with kaolin, did not shorten as incubation proceeded, thus reflecting the lack of development of platelet factor-3 (PF3) availability in this test system. Repeated freezing and thawing of P.R.P. or aggregation with collegan did result in PF-3 availability. Aggregation and PF-3 availability were inhibited by the compound VK774. These findings add another aspect to the list of species differences in platelet function.     

Lack of platelet factor-3 activation after incubation of platelet-rich plasma with kaolin in the rat

Summary Stypven times, measured in rat platelet-rich plasma (P. R. P.) after incubation with kaolin, did not shorten as incubation proceeded, thus reflecting the lack of development of platelet factor-3 (PF₃) availability in this test system. Repeated freezing and thawing of P. R. P. or aggregation with collagen did result in PF-3 availability. Aggregation and PF-3 availability were inhibited by the compound VK774. These findings add another aspect to the list of species differences in platelet function.This study was partly supported by a grant from I. W. O. N. L.     

Rapid reversion of aging phenotypes by nicotinamide through possible modulation of histone acetylation

Aging appears to be an irreversible process. Here we report that nicotinamide (NAA) can induce rapid and reversible reversion of aging phenotypes in human diploid fibroblasts in terms of cell morphology and senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. Although NAA seems to enhance the replicative potential of the cells, it has little effect on their growth rate and life span, suggesting that NAA action is rather separated from the cellular replicative system. The effects are unique to NAA: none of the NAA-related compounds examined (an NAD precursor/niacin, NAD analogs, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors) exerted similar effects. Thus, NAD-related metabolism and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation are unlikely related to the NAA action. On the other hand, histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity was elevated in NAA-exposed cells, while in aged cells, HAT activity and histone H4 acetylation were lowered. Taken together, the results suggest that NAA may cause rejuvenation by restoring, at least in part, altered gene expression in aged cells through its activation of HAT. Received 27 August 2001; received after revision 15 October 2001; accepted 15 October 2001     

Resuscitation of cadaveric livers from non-heart-beating donors after warm ischemic insult: a novel technique tested in the rat

Clinical liver transplantation has become the therapy of choice in end-stage liver disease, but the limited availability of suitable donor organs still impedes its widespread application. In order to increase the availability of donor organs for liver transplantation, it would be advantageous if ischemically damaged livers could be resuscitated from cadavers in which the heart has stopped beating. A method for doing this has been developed in a rat model. Compared to livers excised from rats in which the heart is still beating, severe deteriorations of tissue integrity and functional performance were evident in predamaged livers after cold preservation without supplementary treatment. A treatment of those livers which included an antioxidant rinse with superoxide dismutase, and venous vascular insufflation of gaseous oxygen during preservation, completely prevented tissue alterations upon reperfusion, and promoted a functional recovery of the livers, making them comparable to organs harvested from heart-beating donors.     

Effects of isoproterenol and dopamine on the myocardial hexose monophosphate shunt.

Long-term exposure of rats to isoproterenol and dopamine resulted in an increase of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and a greater availability of 5-phosphoribosyl-l-pyrophosphate in the myocardium. These results are interpreted to indicate an enhanced flow through the hexose monophosphate shunt.     

Peptides and epithelial growth regulation

There is now considerable evidence implicating several peptides in the control of gastrointestinal epithelial cell proliferation and cell renewal. While some of these may act directly, many may be involved in regulating the powerful trophic effects of the intake and digestion of food on the gut epithelium. Several peptides have been associated with the regulation of intestinal cell proliferation. There is little doubt that gastrin is trophic to the stomach, but, its role in the rest of the gastrointestinal tract is debatable. Enteroglucagon has often been associated with increased intestinal epithelial proliferation, but at the moment all the evidence for this is circumstantial. The effects of peptide YY and bombesin warrant further study. The availability of recombinant epidermal growth factor (EGF) has recently enabled us to demonstrate a powerful trophic response to infused EGF throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The increasing availability of peptides will eventually allow the rigorous in vivo evaluation of the trophic role of these potentially very important peptides.     

Peptides and epithelial growth regulation

Summary There is now considerable evidence implicating several peptides in the control of gastrointestinal epithelial cell proliferation and cell renewal. While some of these may act directly, many may be involved in regulating the powerful trophic effects of the intake and digestion of foold on the gut epithelium.—Several peptides have been associated with the regulation of intestinal cell proliferation. There is little doubt that gastrin is trophic to the stomach, but, its role in the rest of the gastrointestinal tract is debatable. Enteroglucagon has often been associated with increased intestinal epithelial proliferation, but at the moment all the evidence for this is circumstantial. The effects of peptide YY and bombesin warrant further study. The availability of recombinant epidermal growth factor (EGF) has recently enabled us to demonstrate a powerful trophic response to infused EGF throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The increasing availability of peptides will eventually allow the rigorous in vivo evaluation of the trophic role of these potentially very important peptides.     

Concentration of ‘available’ unesterified cholesterol in human plasma as evaluated from inhibition of hemolysis by lucensomycin

Summary The unesterified cholesterol content of plasma samples can be evaluated from the extent of inhibition of lucensomycin-induced hemolysis. The test measures, however, only the fraction of cholesterol which is available for interaction with lucensomycin, this availability being adversely affected by high phospholipid-cholesterol ratios.