金沙江河谷——水系演化的崩滑外动力作用研究

在进一步研究金沙江河谷——水系发育的构造——气候机理基础上,认识到:山区深切河谷中普遍存在着大型堰塞现象:在青藏高原东南边缘地区,由于新构造运动强烈和地震频发及大暴雨等,在山高谷深的金沙江河谷中导致大型滑坡、崩塌或其他形式的外动力作用等,阻塞河谷水流,形成河谷堰塞湖,在堰塞体上游河谷形成静水沉积;在一定时间与条件下,堰塞坝溃决,在其下河谷中形成更大更急水流,加速河谷下切速率与深度,导致更大地形高差;新一轮新构造运动强烈和地震及大暴雨等,导致新一轮大型滑坡、崩塌等,形成新一轮河谷堰塞湖……如此多次重复,逐步加快与促进金沙江河谷——水系向现代形态演化,从而构成了金沙江河谷——水系演化的一种外力动力作用。这一认识对进一步研究山区深切河谷——水系形成与演化、工程建设选址评估和进行灾害防治等有普遍的参考价值与意义。     

Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes

The existence of many subglacial lakes provides clear evidence for the widespread presence of water beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet, but the hydrology beneath this ice mass is poorly understood. Such knowledge is critical to understanding ice flow, basal water transfer to the ice margin, glacial landform development and subglacial lake habitats. Here we present ice-sheet surface elevation changes in central East Antarctica that we interpret to represent rapid discharge from a subglacial lake. Our observations indicate that during a period of 16 months, 1.8 km3 of water was transferred over 290 km to at least two other subglacial lakes. While viscous deformation of the ice roof above may moderate discharge, the intrinsic instability of such a system suggests that discharge events are a common mode of basal drainage. If large lakes, such as Lake Vostok or Lake Concordia, are pressurizing, it is possible that substantial discharges could reach the coast. Our observations conflict with expectations that subglacial lakes have long residence times and slow circulations, and we suggest that entire subglacial drainage basins may be flushed periodically. The rapid transfer of water between lakes would result in large-scale solute and microbe relocation, and drainage system contamination from in situ exploration is, therefore, a distinct risk.     

长江大通水文站径流量的时间系列分析

为了研究长江入海径流量的变化规律,用小波分析方法和Hilbert-Huang变换分别对长江大通水文站1950-2004年的逐月平均径流量时间序列进行了分析,得到了长江入海径流量的长时间的演变特征和突变特征.结果显示,其月径流量具有10年以上、8年、4年、1~2年左右以及1年以下的周期性变化.这些周期震荡主导着长江入海径流量的变化,对长江入海径流量的变化规律的分析及短时预测具有十分重要的实际意义.     

水泵自动化控制系统在矿井节能减排的应用

目前国家对于煤矿单位的安全生产比较重视,对于煤炭生产单位来讲,不仅仅对其要求矿井水泵控制系统自动化具备良好的安全性和可靠性,还要求排水系统具备良好的节能减排效果。笔者在下文中主要是针对荫营煤矿在生产中如何实现矿井大型设备节能减排做分析,从分级水库水位差的利用,PLC技术编程的使用和嵌入避峰填谷等相关方面进行简要的探讨。     

分析及优化雨洪潮遭遇下城市水系排水防涝系统

以福建省沿海城市P的北洋区域作为研究区域,利用SWMM模型模拟30年一遇最不利24 h降雨遭遇洪潮时,区域现状城市水系排水能力以及内涝分布情况;并通过模拟的结果,对区域本底水系进行调整。通过优化水系排水方向、重构排水防涝河网以及改造新增蓄涝区来完成城市排水防涝系统的优化。优化后的排水防涝系统可将现状南北向排水调整为东西向排水,减弱潮汐顶托作用,并以最佳主干河道规模和新开排放口数量,提升水系调蓄和排水能力;最后确定蓄涝区位置与调蓄容积,收纳剩余因潮汐顶托而产生的涝水量。结果表明优化的排水防涝系统有效的解决了现状4 195. 42万m3的涝水量,并将洪水排放水量提升了2. 25倍,水系排水能力得到了较大加强,P城市北洋区域排水防涝问题被有效解决。     

莺-琼盆地轴向水道沉积演化及勘探前景

莺琼盆地在莺歌海期和黄流期发育大规模的轴向水道沉积体系,但由于对这种轴向水道的成因机制及水道砂体的分布规律缺乏系统认识,勘探一直未能取得商业性突破。针对制约轴向水道沉积体系勘探的物源和储层展布问题,以最具代表意义的轴向水道——琼东南盆地中央峡谷为例,应用地质与地震相结合分析技术、多属性融合技术、适用于峡谷水道体系的地震沉积学等,开展了具有针对性的物源体系、沉积演化、储层展布等方面的研究,阐明了中央峡谷水道的物源、沉积演化及优质储层展布规律,建立了具有储层预测功能的峡谷沉积模式及水道砂叠置方式,指出乐东10-1峡谷水道等4个潜在的大型岩性圈闭群是轴向水道领域的下一步勘探有利区域,提升了轴向水道勘探潜力。     

Phosphorylation of adenosine in aqueous solution by electric discharges.

Dehydration reactions involving condensing reagents in aqueous solution have been studied as models of chemical evolution, and one such reagent has been found to be produced in the supposed primitive Earth conditions. We assumed that the dehydration condensation in aqueous solution could occur if the condensing reagents, which appear to be produced by electric discharges in the gas phase, could be carried to the aqueous solution through the recycling of water washing the wall of the vessel. We present here an experimental study of the dehydration condensation between phosphate and adenosine in aqueous solution using a new discharge apparatus (Fig. 1) which simulates prebiotic chemical evolution. The apparatus was designed so that water recycles in a vessel containing a solution at a relatively low temperature (approximately 30 degrees C), achieved by showering water at 18 degrees C from above the vessel. This is a simulation of the recycling system of water on the Earth, depending on a large difference in temperature between the ocean surface and the sky.     

Seasonal oscillations in water exchange between aquifers and the coastal ocean

Ground water of both terrestrial and marine origin flows into coastal surface waters as submarine groundwater discharge, and constitutes an important source of nutrients, contaminants and trace elements to the coastal ocean. Large saline discharges have been observed by direct measurements and inferred from geochemical tracers, but sufficient seawater inflow has not been observed to balance this outflow. Geochemical tracers also suggest a time lag between changes in submarine groundwater discharge rates and the seasonal oscillations of inland recharge that drive groundwater flow towards the coast. Here we use measurements of hydraulic gradients and offshore fluxes taken at Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, together with a modelling study of a generalized coastal groundwater system to show that a shift in the freshwater-saltwater interface-controlled by seasonal changes in water table elevation-can explain large saline discharges that lag inland recharge cycles. We find that sea water is drawn into aquifers as the freshwater-saltwater interface moves landward during winter, and discharges back into coastal waters as the interface moves seaward in summer. Our results demonstrate the connection between the seasonal hydrologic cycle inland and the saline groundwater system in coastal aquifers, and suggest a potentially important seasonality in the chemical loading of coastal waters.     

黄浦江流域富营养化及控制研究

本文对黄浦江流域的水体富营养化因素进行了调查研究,结果认为,影响黄浦江流域水体富营养化的因素为船泊、沿岸码头、居民废物及农村居民生活污水、乡镇企业废水、工厂废水、禽畜养殖业等,并提出了源头控制、加强法制教育、清洁生产、发展生态型养殖业、扩建改建城市污水处理厂等若干控制富营养化的对策     

Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

Roughly 60% of the Earth's outer surface is composed of oceanic crust formed by volcanic processes at mid-ocean ridges. Although only a small fraction of this vast volcanic terrain has been visually surveyed or sampled, the available evidence suggests that explosive eruptions are rare on mid-ocean ridges, particularly at depths below the critical point for seawater (3,000 m). A pyroclastic deposit has never been observed on the sea floor below 3,000 m, presumably because the volatile content of mid-ocean-ridge basalts is generally too low to produce the gas fractions required for fragmenting a magma at such high hydrostatic pressure. We employed new deep submergence technologies during an International Polar Year expedition to the Gakkel ridge in the Arctic Basin at 85 degrees E, to acquire photographic and video images of 'zero-age' volcanic terrain on this remote, ice-covered ridge. Here we present images revealing that the axial valley at 4,000 m water depth is blanketed with unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits, including bubble wall fragments (limu o Pele), covering a large (>10 km(2)) area. At least 13.5 wt% CO(2) is necessary to fragment magma at these depths, which is about tenfold the highest values previously measured in a mid-ocean-ridge basalt. These observations raise important questions about the accumulation and discharge of magmatic volatiles at ultraslow spreading rates on the Gakkel ridge and demonstrate that large-scale pyroclastic activity is possible along even the deepest portions of the global mid-ocean ridge volcanic system.     

Moist convection as an energy source for the large-scale motions in Jupiter's atmosphere. Galileo Imaging Team

Jupiter's dominant large-scale weather patterns (dimensions approximately 10,000 km) are zonal jets and long-lived ovals. The jets have been flowing east and west at constant speeds of up to 180 m s(-1) for over 100 years. These jets receive energy from small-scale eddies, which pump eastward momentum into the eastward jets and westward momentum into the westward jets. This momentum transfer was predicted by numerical models before it was observed on Jupiter. The large ovals roll between the jets in an anticyclonic direction-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere--where they regularly assimilate small anticyclonic eddies. But from where the eddies receive their energy has been an open question. Here we argue that the eddies, which ultimately drive both the jets and the ovals, receive their energy from moist convection. This hypothesis is consistent with observations of jovian lightning, which is an indicator of moist convection. It also explains the anticyclonic rotation and poleward drift of the eddies, and suggests patterns of upwelling and downwelling that resemble the patterns of large-scale axisymmetric overturning in the Earth's atmosphere.     

闸堤枢纽与闸桥枢纽水力特性的试验研究

在平原河道,当排涝水位和分洪水位、排涝流量和分洪流量相差悬殊,又有蓄水灌溉要求,而河道本身宽阔时,采用主河道布置节制闸、两侧滩地布置溢洪道的枢纽布置形式比全河宽采用节制闸的单一布置形式经济。结合工程,对这两种枢纽布置对应的上下游流速分布、泄流能力等进了对比试验。对平原水闸过闸落差的确定、对闸桥枢纽各泄流部分对应的行近流速取值以及消力池尾槛高度对淹没堰流流量计算影响等问题进行了试验研究。     

谷幅收缩对高拱坝变形及应力状态的影响分析

溪洛渡拱坝蓄水初期出现了较为明显的谷幅收缩现象,且量值远超同类工程,有必要开展谷幅收缩变形对拱坝变形及应力状态的影响研究。针对坝体已经历的三次完整蓄水-消落过程,对各条测线谷幅变形进行函数拟合,在此基础上,计算了各个蓄水-消落周期下,正常蓄水、死水位工况下坝体变位和坝体应力,对比分析了考虑谷幅收缩变形对大坝位移、应力及分布规律的影响。结果表明,正常蓄水工况下,在变形方面,一定幅度的谷幅变形引起坝体向上游变形趋势,可以部分抵消水沙压力造成的坝体向下游变形作用,使大坝变形减小;在应力方面,一定幅度的谷幅收缩会大大降低上游坝面坝踵拉应力和下游面坝体压应力,改善大坝受力状态。死水位时,随着谷幅收缩的加大,上游面主压应力持续增加,下游坝面主压应力先减小后增大,并在下游面将产生一定拉应力。研究表明,当前谷幅变形作用下,大坝具有较大的安全裕度。在预测极限谷幅状态下(VDL04测线谷幅收缩70.04 mm),溪洛渡高拱坝应力应变处于安全状态。     

人类活动对河流入海流量下降的影响——以长江黄河为例

近几十年来随着我国经济的飞速发展，人类活动日益加剧且对水资源的需求急剧增加，众多河流的人海流量迅速下降甚至断流，这使得我国水资源私有制的状况日益严重。该文简述我国两大河流长江和黄河的径流量变化情况，主要分析了人类活动地河流入海流量下降的影响。     

Discovery of deep-level foreland thrust-fold structures in Taihang Mt. and its implication for early tectonic evolution of North China

Delineation and correlation of Dragon Spring Shear Zone with its deep-level structures at foreland have been studied by field work. This paper reports our new findings of thrust-fold structures within Taihang Neoarchean basement, which include flat thrusts,large-scale recumbent folds, subhorizontal foliation patterns, etc. It reveals that early tectonic evolution of North China clearly involves the horizontal contraction on a large scale, comparable to those of foreland of classical collisional orogenic belts. The vertical variation of structural patterns with foreland fold-thrust belt from shallow to deep levels has been documented for Taihang Mt. by structural correlation,which is associated with tectonic transposition and imbrication of basement complex with supracrustal sequences in the Neoarchean.     

开封市东护城河河流污染调查与综合治理研究

在对东护城河流域水文现状、污染源数量及分布、废水及污染物排放情况、排污口分布、河流水质、地下水水质、流域内排水管网和环境卫生状况进行认真调查的基础上,对其存在的环境问题及其成因进行了详细分析,并提出了具体的流域综合治理建议.     

Positive feedbacks promote power-law clustering of Kalahari vegetation

The concept of local-scale interactions driving large-scale pattern formation has been supported by numerical simulations, which have demonstrated that simple rules of interaction are capable of reproducing patterns observed in nature. These models of self-organization suggest that characteristic patterns should exist across a broad range of environmental conditions provided that local interactions do indeed dominate the development of community structure. Readily available observations that could be used to support these theoretical expectations, however, have lacked sufficient spatial extent or the necessary diversity of environmental conditions to confirm the model predictions. We use high-resolution satellite imagery to document the prevalence of self-organized vegetation patterns across a regional rainfall gradient in southern Africa, where percent tree cover ranges from 65% to 4%. Through the application of a cellular automata model, we find that the observed power-law distributions of tree canopy cluster sizes can arise from the interacting effects of global-scale resource constraints (that is, water availability) and local-scale facilitation. Positive local feedbacks result in power-law distributions without entailing threshold behaviour commonly associated with criticality. Our observations provide a framework for integrating a diverse suite of previous studies that have addressed either mean wet season rainfall or landscape-scale soil moisture variability as controls on the structural dynamics of arid and semi-arid ecosystems.     

污泥的压缩特性对比试验研究

目前脱水污泥的含水率在80%左右,仍不能满足污泥后续填埋、焚烧、堆肥等处置要求,因此了解污泥的固结排水规律对于建立污泥脱水的基本理论、进一步提高脱水效果有重要意义。针对这个问题,对比分析了污泥、淤泥和一般粘性土的压缩特性和压缩系数,并通过离心试验研究污泥固结过程中的水分转化过程,提出污泥的三阶段排水规律猜想。结果表明：污泥的压缩特性有其自身的特殊性,其孔隙比大,压缩性大,且压缩曲线是曲线形式,不同于淤泥和一般粘性土的直线;污泥和淤泥的压缩系数非常大,且随着固结压力的增大压缩系数减小速率也非常大。污泥固结过程中不仅自由水的量发生明显减少,结合水的量也显著减少,其固结不仅存在类似淤泥固结过程中的孔隙排水,同时还存在其他形式的水分排出过程。污泥的固结排水可以分出明显的三个阶段,I阶段主要是孔隙排水阶段,II阶段是细胞水、孔隙水的混合排水阶段,III阶段主要是细胞水排水阶段。     

补排条件对一维土壤水分运动影响的试验研究

利用大型物理模拟试验装置，进行了4种补排条件的一维土壤水分运动试验．试验结果表明：边界补排条仕控制了土壤水分的迁移转化；越靠近土表，土壤含水率、土壤水势、土壤水分运动状态变化越大，受边界补排条件的影响越大；反之，越靠近地下水位，受边界补排条件的影响越小．图2，表3，参6．     

中、英两国服装纸样结构系统的比较研究

比较了采用英国原型纸样系统制作的服装和采用中国比例分配裁剪方法制作的服装外形.结果表明,英国纸样对人体裁剪更加讲究,而中国纸样提供了较多的运动功能性.因此,服装纸样设计师可采用不同的纸样设计方法以便适应不同的服装设计特点.