从世界与中国油气供需形势看中国油气安全

石油与天然气资源是不可再生的战略性资源,与国家的经济发展、国防安全等领域息息相关。从全球范围来看,中东、非洲和中南美洲是石油和天然气资源储量丰富的地区,也是未来石油天然气的主要出口地区;亚太、北美和欧洲是石油天然气资源的主要消费区。这种供需结构给中国的石油天然气安全造成很大的隐患。本文主要从全球及中国的石油天然气探明可采量、供需状况这一角度来探讨中国的油气安全问题。     

石油天然气管道卫星通信系统的设计研究

油气能源对经济建设起着积极作用,为工业发展做出了巨大贡献。随着经济发展,社会对油气能源需求量越来越大。管道系统在石油天然气资源开发与利用方面发挥了重要作用,而卫星通信系统在管道系统中的应用,则大大提高了石油天然气资源开发效率,保障了生产安全。通过卫星定位、信息传输功能,能够实现对石油天然气管道的全方位管理。卫星通信系统具有管道数据生产、生产数据记录、工作状态检测上报功能,且在复杂地理环境下仍可提供可靠资料。本文将针对石油天然气管道卫星通信系统设计展开研究和分析。     

中国油气资源安全从本地保障到全局保障

首先综述了中国能源消耗现状和发展趋势,由于中国目前的化石能源供给有限,无法满足中国现在和未来的需求缺口,天然气、石油供给在很大程度上将依赖进口,最后总结亟需解决中国在一定时期内石油、天然气对外依存度较低的问题。进一步提高中国油气的对外依存度,既具有内部的可容性条件,也具有外部的可容性条件。世界上许多国家都有很高的对外依存度,特别是在当前的条件下,油气对外依存度并不构成国家能源安全的一个重要条件。中国应该转换思路,从局部的油气资源安全保障,转换到区域,乃至全球的油气资源安全保障上来。通过"一带一路"、互联互通,把眼光从局部,转移到区域和全球,以区域和全球的油气资源安全保障来解决局部油气安全保障的问题。     

中国与中亚国家油气资源合作风险比较分析

随着"一带一路"倡议的实施,中国与地处丝绸之路经济带的中亚国家在石油、天然气等能源领域的合作迎来了历史性新机遇。中国油气企业与中亚国家合作的过程中,需要了解与中亚国家开展油气资源合作的风险,以便采取有效的应对措施。根据专家意见,把中国与中亚国家的油气资源合作风险具体划分为政治风险、经济风险、社会安全风险、资源及技术风险。采用模糊层次分析方法,分别计算出4个一级指标和14个二级指标的权重,构建模糊综合评价模型,对中亚国家分别进行评价。结果表明:中亚五国由于地理、历史、民族、文化、经济等原因,中国与其在油气资源合作过程中均存在不同程度的风险,其中塔吉克斯坦为最高,哈萨克斯坦为最低。     

鄂尔多斯盆地油气勘探开发的 实践与可持续发展

鄂尔多斯盆地是我国近10年来石油天然气产量增长最快的盆地,目前已经成为我国第二大油气生产盆地和第一大天然气产区。概述了鄂尔多斯盆地油气勘探开发的历史,总结了盆地发展形成的重要认识、主要技术、开发管理模式、油气产量和取得的经济社会效益,从发展规划、油气资源、非常规油气资源和其他资源方面探讨了盆地发展前景,并对盆地可持续发展提出了建议。     

中国油气资源可持续发展的潜力与挑战

至2050年前后,中国油气资源具有可持续发展的基础和潜力。经过60年的发展,我国从“贫油国”到油气生产大国,建成了24个油气生产基地,自主发展形成一系列中国特色的油气勘探开发理论与技术。我国油气地质条件十分复杂,这同时也孕育有广阔的勘探新区、新领域,待发现油气资源仍比较丰富,目前石油勘探刚进入中期阶段,天然气勘探尚处于早期阶段。同时,油气资源的进一步发展也面临诸多严峻挑战,经济快速发展油气需求缺口日益扩大,本土资源深入勘探开发的难度增大,勘探开发成本大幅上升,国际化经营拓展空间受多因素制约等。因此,必须始终加强油气勘探工作,一方面立足国内,坚持不懈开展新区新领域攻坚战,保持勘探工作量、储量、产量的稳定增长,采取多种方式,积极分享国际能源资源,引进和勘探利用国外石油和天然气;另一方面,还必须积极采取措施,全面推进节约用油用气战略,实现油气资源的可持续发展。     

中国油气资源的开发需要第二次创业

石油天然气资源在世界经济发展中具有举足轻重的意义。过去５０年 ,中国的石油地质和地球物理工作者 ,踏遍了祖国的平原和荒漠 ,航巡了渤、黄、东、南海 ,在海陆新生代上下第三系地层中找到了石油和天然气 ,且获得年产原油１．７亿吨、名列世界产量第五位的成就 ,不仅有力地支援了国家的经济建设 ,而且以陆相生油科技成果闻名于世。这是中国油气的第一次创业。５０年开发陆相油气 ,虽然已取得重大成就 ,但经过半个世纪的开发 ,许多油气田开发现已处于中晚期 ,产量下降 ,石油天然气产量已不能满足国家经济建设的需求 ,每年需要用几百亿元的外…     

中国与东盟的能源合作

目前中国与东盟的能源合作已上升到战略层面,合作内容正从单一的石油天然气贸易向以油气资源的联合勘探与开采、保护能源运输通道的安全以及建设新的能源运输通道为主过渡。贸易额不断上升中国与东盟国家在能源领域的正式合作开始于1978年。从20世纪90年代中期开始,中国与东盟之间的石油和天然气贸易额不断上升。2001～2004年,我国分别从东盟国家大约进口了31.2亿美元、38.2亿美元、55.3亿美元和64.7亿美元的油气资源及其产品,又分别向东盟国家大约出口了12.5亿美元、15.5亿美元、24.6亿美元和23.3亿美元的油气资源及其产品。2005年1～10月,…     

基于AHP的石油钻井成本风险因素分析研究

油气钻井工程是石油天然气资源勘探与开发的重要手段和环节,同时钻井成本占油气勘探和开发总成本的比重也较大,钻井成本大小直接影响石油天然气勘探开发的收益。由于钻井工程风险系数不断上升,使得钻井成本波动性越来越大,因此,控制油气钻井成本风险对于控制油气田开发成本至关重要。文章在定性分析了石油钻井成本构成要素以及钻井成本风险因素的基础上,利用层次分析法对影响石油钻井成本的风险因素进行定量分析,并对风险因素权重进行排序,得出风险因素对钻井成本的影响程度。     

油气储运中的安全环保问题及其对策

石油、天然气资源作为重要的基础能源,是日常生产生活和国民经济发展中不可或缺的一部分。随着我国工业化推进,油气储运安全问题也变得极为重要。由于石油、天然气自身的易燃易爆性,在运输、储存和使用的各个环节中,都存在泄漏的风险,一旦发生泄漏情况,就易产生安全隐患,最终造成难以挽回的损失。文章分析了油气储运中的安全环保问题并从管道的选材,油罐的改造和油气回收等方面给出了相关对策,以期达到保护生产安全,提高生产效益的目的。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.