山西省近50年气温和降水变化基本特征研究

根据山西省近50年(1959-2008)108个地面气象观测站的年平均气温和年降水量系列数据,采用参数线性回归检验(LR)和非参数Mann-Kendall检验(MK)两种方法,从观测站、地级市、全省和山西省黄土高原地区综合治理地区4个层面,对山西省气温和降水的时空变化规律进行了研究.MK结果表明,(1)在108个地面站中,除河曲县站的年平均气温呈不显著减少趋势之外,其余107个站的年平均气温均呈升高趋势(+0.034～+0.896℃/10a("a"即"年";以下同).其中97个站的年平均气温显著升高,10个站的年平均气温升高不显著.除曲沃等8个站的年降水量呈不显著增加趋势之外,其余100个站的年降水量均呈减少趋势(-0.154～-57.750 mm/10a).其中16个站的年降水量显著减少,84个站的年降水量减少不显著.(2)11个地级市的年平均气温均表现出非常显著的升高趋势(+0.181～+0.417℃/10a).各市的年平均降水量均呈减少趋势(-6.954～-33.681 mm/10a).其中晋城、晋中、临汾和吕梁4市的降水量显著减少,太原、大同、阳泉、长治、朔州、运城和忻州7市的降水量减少不显著.(3)山西省的年平均气温呈极显著升高趋势(+0.295℃/10a),其年降水量呈显著减少趋势(-20.486 mm/10a).(4)山西省17个综合治理地区的年平均气温均呈显著升高趋势(+0.126～+0.375℃/10a).这17个地区的年平均降水量均呈减少趋势(-2.619～-34.417 mm/10a).其中5个地区的降水量呈显著减少趋势.总之,山西省的气温和降水在整体上分别呈显著升高和显著减少趋势,在较低层面上具有明显的空间异质性.对比分析同时表明,LR和MK所得的结果,就气温而言一致性非常高;就降水而言一致性则不确定(因研究层面不同很高或较低).     

分宜近50年气候变化特征

根据分宜县气象站1959年1月至2009年2月气温及降水资料,分析了分宜县近50年气侯变化特征,得出近50年来分宜县年降水量呈上升趋势(7.82mm/10a),春季下降明显(-14.05mm/10a),夏季上升明显(19.46mm/10a);年平均气温呈上升趋势(0.165℃/10a),四季气温均呈上升趋势,冬季变暖最明显(0.275℃/10a);年极端最低气温上升趋势(0.606℃/10a)远大于年极端最高下降趋势(-0.013℃/10a).以20世纪80年代中期为界分为冷、暧两个阶段,前为冷期,后为暖期.     

揭阳市近50年气候变化特征分析

利用近50年的观测资料对揭阳市的气温、降水和日照的变化特征作了较为详细的统计分析.揭阳市年平均气温、年平均最低气温、年平均最高气温的变化倾向率分别为0.316℃/10a、0.379℃/10a、0.329℃/10a;前两者在上世纪70年代初,后者在80年代初以来均呈上升趋势;进入90年代增温加剧;冬、春增温显著.年降水量以-5.642mm/10a的倾向率减少,变化趋势平缓:进入21世纪,降水减少趋势较为明显,主要原因是前汛期降水明显减少所致.日照时数以-42.316h/10a幅度减少;90年代以来目照偏少,近年来日照减少加快,秋、冬两季日照减少较多.     

五十五年来忻州地区气候变化分析

基于山西省忻府区气象局1959年~2013年气象数据资料,运用一元回归分析法、距平分析法以及Mann-Kendall方法分析了研究区气温、降水、蒸发等气候要素变化情况.结果显示,55年来研究区年平均气温波动上升,趋势缓慢,增长率约为0.08℃/10a;年平均降水量呈减少趋势,减少率约为-2.16 mm/10a;年平均蒸发量下降趋势明显,下降率达-59.3 mm/10a;M-K突变检验表明,55来忻州地区年平均气温和年平均蒸发量的突变点分别出现在2011年和1977年,而年平均降水量变化未出现突变.     

楚雄市气候变化及对水资源的影响

利用楚雄市1961～2010年50 a的气候和水资源等资料,分析了楚雄市近半个世纪以来气候的变化及其对径流、水资源变化的影响.分析结果表明:50 a来楚雄市各季和年平均气温均呈上升趋势,年平均气温以0.33℃/10 a速率上升,冬季平均气温增暖速率最为显著;近50 a来楚雄市年降水量有增多的趋势,以21.26mm/10 a的速度在递增.春季和夏季降水量增加较多;而冬季和秋季平均降水量则呈缓慢增多的趋势.水资源总量、地表水径流量、地下水呈减少趋势.     

陕西省气候及其生产潜力时空变化特征

基于陕西省20个气象站点57a的降水和气温数据资料,采用一元线性回归、反距离加权插值、最优分割法等方法,分析了降水和气温的时空变化规律;并利用Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算了全省的气候生产力,研究了其时空变化特征,分析了气候生产力与降水、气温之间的关系.结果表明:1955—2011年间,陕西省气候呈现暖干化趋势,气温与降水的变化率分别为0.16℃/10a、-17.2mm/10a,具有南高北低的空间分布特征;57a来气候生产力微弱下降,由南向北递减,其中20世纪60年代和90年代为气候生产力的谷值;气候生产力与气温的相关性不显著,与降水的相关性呈极显著,降水量的降低是限制气候生产力的主要因素.     

天津地区降水和气温的变化趋势及多尺度交叉小波分析

由于降水量和气温的变化对水循环研究与水资源规划和利用具有重要意义,运用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall检验和交叉小波的方法分析了1954年—2013年天津地区主要气象站点的年降水量和年均气温.结果表明:天津站点的降水倾向率为-16.92—14.11mm/(10a),年平均气温的线性倾向率为0.181~0.309℃/(10a);天津地区气温在1954年—1982年波动变化,1982年发生突变呈上升趋势,且在1991年后上升显著;天津地区降水量和气温的周期性具有相似性,降水量和气温在1960年—1970年呈负相关关系,其共振周期高能量区主要分布在1965年前后的2a;天津地区的降水量和气温在多时间尺度上主要呈非线性关系,降水量减少而气温升高,总体呈现干旱化趋势.     

青海湖流域近50年气温、降水变化特征研究

本文对青海湖流域1961-2010年近50年来的气温和降水变化特征进行了研究,结果表明,青海湖流域气温呈明显的增加趋势,线性增温率最大达到0.40℃/10a;存在较为明显的4次增温期,特别是最近一次增温期,持续时间长,最大增幅达0.1℃/a.降水量虽然没有明显的增加趋势,但存在三次明显的增多期,最大降水量出现在1988-1989年间.在季节变化上,气温均出现了不同程度的增加趋势,尤其以冬季和秋季增温趋势最明显;降水的季节增幅不明显,降水主要集中夏季,夏季多年平均降水量为239.30mm,占全年降水量的65%左右.近50年气温、降水变化特征表明青海湖流域目前正处于增温增湿阶段.     

西安地区近50年降水量的统计分析

目的 分析西安地区降水量变化.方法 利用西安地区1951-2000年年降水量、月降水量资料,通过线性趋势法和累积距平曲线法,对西安地区近50年降水的变化特征进行分析.结果 20世纪50年代降水以偏多为主,60年代到70年代初期降水基本正常,变化小,70年代末期降水偏少,80年代初期降水偏多,80年代末期降水基本正常,90年代降水一直持续偏少.结论 西安地区降水长期变化呈微弱的减少趋势,以20.42 mm/10 a的速率减少;汛期降水变化也呈减少的趋势,20世纪70年代减少趋势显著;降水的季节变化各季均呈减少趋势,秋季最为明显;年降水量无明显的突变.     

临汾市近60年来气候变化特征分析

本文对临汾市气象观测站1954年~2013年的气温和降水资料,利用回归分析、小波分析、趋势分析法分析了临汾市近60年来的气候变化特征.分析结果表明:(1)近60年来,临汾年平均气温变化于10.98℃~15.18℃.临汾市年平均气温总体呈现出增长的趋势,线性倾向率为0.358℃/10 a,高于我国平均气温增长率,说明临汾市增温幅度较大,尤其是近30年来增温速率更为明显.2005年后年平均气温略呈下降的趋势.年内气温变化存在较为明显的季节差异,各季气温均呈增长趋势,夏季增温率最小,春秋两季要略大一些,冬季增温最为明显;(2)近60年来,临汾市总降水量在277.9 mm~798.6 mm之间波动,并表现出明显的降低趋势,线性倾向率约为-19.564 mm/10 a,气候变干较为明显.年内降水量变化存在明显的季节差异,春、夏、秋三个季节降水量均表现出降低的趋势.降低幅度从大到小依次是夏季、秋季和春季.其中夏季降水量减少是临汾市变干的主要原因,而冬季降水则表现出缓慢的增长趋势;(3)近60年,临汾市降水量表现出4 a~5 a和2 a的周期特征,而温度周期信号不明显.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to