赣西典型小流域河道镉元素迁移规律研究

通过1 km×1 km的网格化区域调查及针对重点异常区的"T"型剖面追踪查证,研究了赣西泸水流域上游干流重金属的分布分配规律,发现泸水沿岸约50～500 m范围内的农田土壤中存在显著的Cd异常带。在山前盆地、岗丘洼地及水库处的表层土壤形成了3处浓集中心,其含量依次为2.00 mg/kg、1.87 mg/kg和1.34 mg/kg,对应的垂向剖面土壤平均含量依次为2.33 mg/kg、0.40 mg/kg和0.19 mg/kg,说明Cd元素扩散受水流控制明显,易在水动力减弱的平缓地带沉积,且异常程度从上游往下游逐渐降低;在河床横断面上,土壤Cd元素在河漫滩、一级阶地、二级阶地、岗坡的平均含量依次为7.73 mg/kg、0.46 mg/kg、0.22 mg/kg、0.18 mg/kg,即微地形随着高程增加,Cd元素含量越低,说明Cd元素主要来源于河流上游,且受微地形影响显著,易沉积于地势低洼处。     

青藏高原东南缘高山峡谷区舍饲牦牛与环境重金属元素含量分析

研究青藏高原东南缘高山峡谷区舍饲牦牛与环境重金属元素含量及关联性,采集5个县8个牦牛养殖场的组织样及饲料、土壤和饮水样品,采用ICP-OES等方法对重金属含量进行测定.结果表明,牦牛肝脏和肾脏中Cd元素含量为0.124 mg/kg、0.727 mg/kg,高于相关标准(≤0.1 mg/kg),存在Cd污染风险;粗饲料、精饲料和酒糟中Cr的含量,水中As、Pb、Cd和Cr的含量,以及土壤中Cd的含量均高于相关标准,受污染风险较大;牦牛组织中As与Pb、Cr和Ni,及Pb与Cd具有同源性,但尚不能确定这些元素具体来源于土壤及饲料或饮用水.结论:牦牛肝脏和肾脏存在Cd污染风险;组织As与Pb、Cr和Ni,以及Pb与Cd具有同源性,具体来源有待进一步研究.     

广西某喀斯特流域土壤重金属Cd分布及其来源分析

对广西某喀斯特流域内土壤和岩石样品中的Cd元素含量进行分析测试,研究流域内土壤重金属Cd的分布特征和来源。结果表明,流域土壤中Cd含量变异较大,为0.10~33.00 mg·kg-1,插值图显示流域中游地区土壤中Cd含量较高;流域内岩石中重金属Cd含量范围为0.19~1.08 mg·kg-1,流域土壤中Cd元素具有较高的地球化学背景值。研究表明,流域内土壤重金属Cd的主要为自然地质源,其次是人类活动的干扰。     

长江口及邻近海域沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

调查了2009年长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As的含量,平均含量为Cu 27.88 mg/kg、Pb 22.98 mg/kg、Zn 95.88 mg/kg、Cd 0.178 mg/kg、Cr 41.01 mg/kg、Hg 0.031 mg/kg、As 11.40 mg/kg.空间分布上,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As 6种重金属含量均在杭州湾北部及长江口南汇交界处呈现最大值,而Cr在调查海域的东部逐渐向近岸海域递减.运用主成分分析评价沉积物中重金属污染来源,同时采用Hakanson指数法评价了沉积物重金属生态风险,结果显示:长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属元素的潜在生态风险整体表现为轻微.7种重金属元素对长江口及邻近海域潜在生态综合危害的大小贡献顺序为:Cd＞As＞Hg＞Cu=Pb＞Cr＞Zn.Cd的Eir值对RI值的权重贡献最大,即Cd表现为首要的潜在生态风险因子.     

烟台苹果产地土壤地球化学特征及成土因素研究

土壤地球化学特征是成土自然因素和人为因素的相互制约和效应的综合体现。通过对烟台苹果产地地球化学环境调查,对影响苹果品质的特异性元素含量进行了探讨。研究了土壤Fe/Na比与特异性元素的相关关系,并对自然与人为成土控制因素进行了判别。结果表明:与全国和东部平原土壤相比,果树根系土富集OrgC、N、P、Cd、Cl、Cu、Hg,亏损As、B、Ca、F、S、U。元素在表层土壤中富集且大多数元素含量与土壤成熟度有关。进一步研究表明,As、B、Ca、F、U元素含量主要受自然成土因素控制,而N、P、OrgC、Cd、Cu、Hg和S与人为成土因素有关。种植区立地背景以及土壤的内在地球化学特征是决定苹果品质的主要因素。     

峰峰煤矿塌陷区典型农田土壤剖面重金素元素化学风化规律

采集峰峰煤矿塌陷区典型农田剖面土壤,通过测定分析不同埋深土壤重金属元素(As、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr、Cd、Zn和Hg)分布特征,利用质量平衡理论进行化学风化规律研究,探究塌陷驱动下剖面土壤重金属元素化学风化过程.结果 表明:峰峰煤矿塌陷区典型农田剖面土壤重金属元素Pb、Cd和As的含量超过国家农用地土壤污染风险管控标准,最大超标倍数分别为3.86、59.77、3.82;元素Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr和Hg未超标.重金属元素Cd和As可能在塌陷驱动下,受地表径流和雨水淋滤下渗影响,使得其含量自表层向下逐渐增加.表层土壤元素Cu、Pb、Cr、Hg迁入富集,元素Ni、As、Zn和Cd迁出淋滤;犁底层元素Cu、Ni、Zn和Pb迁出淋滤,Hg迁入富集,其余元素规律变化不明显.累积元素存在潜在风险,需要监控;淋滤元素存在直接风险,需要高度管控.实验结论为全面评估煤矿开采对土壤化学性能的影响,防治流域水土流失和保护区域生态环境提供科学依据.     

山东省章丘市土地质量地球化学评估

以章丘市表层土壤调查地球化学数据为基础,查明土壤中元素含量分布及空间变异特征,进行土壤营养元素和环境健康元素分级评价。在此基础上,筛选出必需大量元素、微量元素、有益元素及环境健康元素等评价指标;并权重赋值,建立土地质量地球化学评估指标体系,划分土地质量等级。结果表明:研究区土地质量优良以上等级占全区面积的89.99%,良好级土地占5.39%,中等土地占1.26%,差等土地占3.36%。     

蓝田冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属含量及形态分析

通过实地采样调查和室内样品分析,研究了陕西西安蓝田冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属含量和形态分布特征,并运用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对该区重金属污染水平进行了评价.结果表明:水平方向上,距冶炼厂100 m处的表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd四种重金属的含量最高,分别达1 341.693、188.877、251.015、21.810 mg/kg,依次为国家土壤环境质量二级标准的3.833、0.630、2.510、36.349倍.随着距离的增大,重金属含量大体呈现先上升后下降最后趋于稳定的分布状况.剖面土壤中,重金属含量从表层到深层递减,0～30 cm变化幅度较大,30 cm以下基本上趋于稳定.从综合污染指数来看,表层土壤各样点的综合污染指数均大于3,说明该区农田土壤已处于重度复合污染等级.表层土壤中,Pb以可还原态为主、Zn主要存在形式为可还原态和残渣态、Cu主要为残渣态(含量平均值高达74.619 mg/kg),而Cd则以乙酸可提取态和可还原态为主,二者之和占全量的72.508%.     

不同种植模式各土层理化性状研究

对湖北省孝感市郊15个农田土壤进行取样,测定了两个土层即表层土壤(0~20 cm)和亚表层土壤(20~40 cm)的p H值、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、有效钾的含量,并对两层土壤的肥力状况进行分析比较。结果表明,孝感市郊农田表层土壤p H值为微酸性到酸性;碱解氮含量为41.28~63.89 mg/kg,处于中等水平;表层土壤全磷高达620.48~1164.68 mg/kg,旱田速效磷含量较高,为73.84~181.42mg/kg,能够满足植株生长需求,水田速效磷含量为22.94~48.61 mg/kg,部分水田土壤供磷不足;有效钾含量只有11.56~40.59 mg/kg,处于较低水平。两土层间p H值、碱解氮、有效钾含量均达到显著差异水平。不同种植模式土壤的表层土壤速效磷含量均显著高于亚表层速效磷含量,但旱田土层间的速效磷含量变幅高达2.1,远远大于水田层间速效磷含量比1.2。旱田表层土壤全磷含量均显著高于亚表层,而水田中表层土壤的全磷含量却显著低于亚表层含量。     

西宁典型文化用地土壤重金属污染评价及来源分析——以青海师范大学南校区为例

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对西宁市典型文化用地——青海师范大学南校区的表层与剖面土壤样品中As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Mn、Cu、Zn等7种重金属元素进行了分析,评估了其污染程度并分析其来源.结果表明,表层土壤中Cd(0.37~0.87mg/kg,平均0.57mg/kg)的含量高于青海省土壤背景值数倍,As(11.8~14.8mg/kg,平均13.2mg/kg)、Cr(69~119mg/kg,平均86mg/kg)、Pb(30.1~48.3mg/kg,平均35.7mg/kg)、Mn(628~730mg/kg,平均698mg/kg)、Cu(25.8~31.1mg/kg,平均28.9mg/kg)、Zn(110~166mg/kg,平均128mg/kg)的含量略高于或接近青海省土壤背景值;富集系数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法一致指示Cd达到中度污染水平,Cr、Pb、Mn、Cu、Zn为轻度污染水平,该地重金属污染达到中等至较高生态风险级别.相关分析、聚类分析和剖面对比分析共同显示青海师范大学南校区的重金属污染来自人类活动,交通排放和大气降尘是其主要来源.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~     

An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.