楚克奇海陆架区沉积物中核素的分布及其对沉积环境的示踪

对中国首次北极科学考察期间于楚克奇海采集的一个沉积物岩芯进行了γ谱分析,获得了 210 Pb, 137 Cs, 226 Ra, 238 U和 40 K的垂直分布特征,其中最独特的现象为 226 Ra, 238 U次表层极大值的存在,其产生原因与沉积物高的有机质含量、元素的扩散作用及有机质的降解作用有关.根据 210 Pb ex 测年法和 137 Cs测年法得到的沉积速率分别为0.7和0.8mm/a,沉积物的质量累积速率为1.00kg/(m 2 @a).结合实测的沉积物中有机质百分含量,计算得有机物质的埋藏速率为75.4g/(m 2 @a),与水柱初级生产力比较可发现,楚克奇陆架区是一个高效的有机碳埋藏区.     

大亚湾海域沉积物中放射性γ谱分析测定

本文报导了γ能谱相对比较法测量海洋沉积物中放射性核素238U、226Ra、232Th、40K和137Cs等方法,并进行了2005年和2006年夏季大亚湾海域三个站位沉积物γ谱测定,对结果进行分析,为今后大亚湾海域辐射环境监测提供基础。     

环境样品低水平γ放射性的活度测量

土壤中含有多种放射性核素,其中含量较高的核素有40K、226Ra、232Th和238U,以这四种的标准源为基础进行实验测量,计算各种能量所对应的全能峰的分支比和探测效率,从而计算出这些放射性核素的活度.通过实验的方法,用BH1936型低本底多道γ能谱仪作为实验仪器,把60Co和137Cs的混合放射源作为能量刻度的已知能量源,对实验仪器能量刻度,以及对标准土壤源40K、226Ra、232Th和238U的探测效率进行实验测量.以此为基础对环境样品进行了能谱分析,主要是测量和分析了环境土壤样品和建材样品的放射性活度,得到了标准源(40K、226Ra、232Th和238U)为代表的核素的比活度.     

210Pb和137Cs法对比研究武汉东湖现代沉积速率

对采自东湖Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站的沉积物采用^210Pb和^137Cs相结合的方法测定沉积速率，^210Pb法测出东湖Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站的沉积速率为8．73mm／a和6．90mm／a，^137Cs测出东湖Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站的沉积速率为7．4mm／a和5．8mm／a．分析了两种方法测定结果差异产生的原因，并与以往的研究相对比，探讨东湖沉积速率空间分布的规律性，沉积速率变化与人类活动的关系、沉积速率与扰动的关系．     

苏干湖沉积物纹层计年和^210Pb，^137Cs测年对比

通过对西北干旱区苏干湖表层沉积物的年纹层计数定年和^210Pb,^137Cs测年结果对比发现：均^137Cs测年结果在8．5cm出现最高蓄积峰,对应1963年世界核爆高峰期,但在同一层位^210Pb测年结果则是1972年,存在较大的偏差．年纹层沉积速率达0．31cm／a,而根据CRS模式建立的^210Pb沉积速率为0．30cm／a．年纹层反映的沉积速率和^210Pb测年结果基本一致,互相验证了两者测年的可靠性．^137Cs测年则存在蓄积峰向上迁移的现象,在西北干旱区湖泊使用^137Cs测年过程中需引起注意．     

沿岸沉积物中~(210)Pb、~(226)Ra的同时分离测定及其在地质年代学上的应用

沉积物试样在H_2SO_4存在下,用6NHCl浸取,铅形成可溶性的氯络阴离子,镭以Ba(Ra)SO_4沉淀仍在残渣中,从而达到彼此分离的目的。~(210)Pb用离子交换提纯,而~(226)Ra用EDTA-氨水纯化。制成的PbSO_4和BaSO_4样品源,分别用低本底的β测量仪和α测量仪计数。并以此方法测定厦门81017站位沉积物岩心~(210)Pb、~(226)Ra放射性的垂直分布,求算出该站位的沉积速率为13.2cm/y(以沉积物-水界面的层位密度为基准)。     

广西北部湾河口及海湾沉积物中137Cs含量分析

【目的】了解广西北部湾河口及海湾沉积物中~(137)Cs的含量,为定量研究北部湾沿岸区域土壤侵蚀和堆积状况,以及评价防城港红沙核电站运行对周围环境的影响提供科学依据。【方法】在广西北部湾河口及海湾中采集32个沉积物样品,利用高纯锗γ谱仪测定样品中~(137)Cs的含量,并与周边的背景值进行比较。【结果】在河口、海湾的表层样中,~(137)Cs比活度较低,范围为0.10~5.94Bq/kg,平均值约为1.23Bq/kg。【结论】表层沉积物中,~(137)Cs含量相对陆地含量要低,主要原因可能是沉积物样品中含沙量大,~(137)Cs吸附量相对较少导致。同时,自然因素和人为活动对~(137)Cs在河口及海湾沉积物中的再分配起重要作用。     

放射性废物库周围放射性污染的测试与评估

在库周围距中心不同距离及距库8km采集土壤和植物样品,经HPGe探头的r能谱仪测试,得出的结果,经比较说明该库周围~(40)K、~(226)Ra、~(232)Th、~(238)U的含量属于自然界中天然存在的正常范围。     

广西乐业天坑群中苔藓的放射性核素分析

为探究广西喀斯特地貌对放射性核素分布及当地环境放射性的影响,利用高纯锗探测器对广西喀斯特地区的大曹天坑和邓家坨天坑采集来的苔藓样品中⁷Be、⁴⁰K、²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs的放射性比活度进行测量与分析。结果表明：在苔藓植物中, ⁷Be的放射性比活度为202.3-698.8 Bq/kg [平均值：(430.7±169.7) Bq/kg,n=7];⁴⁰K为33.7-159.9 Bq/kg [平均值：(91.6±44.1) Bq/kg, n=7];²³⁸U为检测限(3.0 Bq/kg)至54.4 Bq/kg [平均值：(16.9±23.6) Bq/kg,n=7];²³²Th为1.2-42.5 Bq/kg [平均值：(14.7±15.9) Bq/kg, n=7];²²⁶Ra为0.7-48.4 Bq/kg [平均值：(16.9±20.3) Bq/kg,n=7];²¹⁰Pb为284.1-950.5 Bq/kg [平均值：(555.5±231.0) Bq/kg, n=7]; ¹³⁷Cs为检测限(0.1 Bq/kg)至2.3 Bq/kg [平均值：(1.1±0.9) Bq/kg,n=7]。对比后发现所有测得的数据均在正常范围内,表明天坑这一喀斯特地貌对放射性核素的分布并没有显著影响,该地区也不存在其他污染来源,同时为我国南方喀斯特地区大气示踪提供数据支撑。     

江西省主要建筑类型及建筑材料中天然辐射的研究

本文报道了各种建筑物内、外γ射线贯穿辐射的照射量率,测定了不同类型建筑材料中放射性~(238)U、~(232)Th、~(226)Ra及~(40)K的比活性,并给出了室内(外)~(222)Rn及其子体浓度的测定数据;论及了因不同类型建筑材料及建筑物所引起的射线辐照致人体有效剂量当量及附加剂量当量的估算结果.     

中国大陆主要省份土壤中天然放射性核素含量分布规律研究

综合了中国大陆28个省土壤中天然放射性核素238U,226Ra,232Th和40K含量的调查结果,分析了这些天然放射性核素含量分布现状和及其分布规律,初步探讨了引起部分省份放射性核素含量偏高的主要原因.研究结果表明,中国28个省市土壤中放射性核素238U,226Ra,232Th和40K的含量按面积加权平均值分别为39.5,36.5,49.1和580.0 Bq/kg;土壤中238U,226Ra,232Th的含量随地域的变化规律基本一致,40K含量随地域的分布规律则不显著.土壤中的天然放射性核素含量与成土母岩和铀资源分布有着明显的相关性.     

Minimum speed limit for ocean ridge magmatism from 210Pb-226Ra-230Th disequilibria

Although 70 per cent of global crustal magmatism occurs at mid-ocean ridges-where the heat budget controls crustal structure, hydrothermal activity and a vibrant biosphere-the tempo of magmatic inputs in these regions remains poorly understood. Such timescales can be assessed, however, with natural radioactive-decay-chain nuclides, because chemical disruption to secular equilibrium systems initiates parent-daughter disequilibria, which re-equilibrate by the shorter half-life in a pair. Here we use 210Pb-226Ra-230Th radioactive disequilibria and other geochemical attributes in oceanic basalts less than 20 years old to infer that melts of the Earth's mantle can be transported, accumulated and erupted in a few decades. This implies that magmatic conditions can fluctuate rapidly at ridge volcanoes. 210Pb deficits of up to 15 per cent relative to 226Ra occur in normal mid-ocean ridge basalts, with the largest deficits in the most magnesium-rich lavas. The 22-year half-life of 210Pb requires very recent fractionation of these two uranium-series nuclides. Relationships between 210Pb-deficits, (226Ra/230Th) activity ratios and compatible trace-element ratios preclude crustal-magma differentiation or daughter-isotope degassing as the main causes for the signal. A mantle-melting model can simulate observed disequilibria but preservation requires a subsequent mechanism to transport melt rapidly. The likelihood of magmatic disequilibria occurring before melt enters shallow crustal magma bodies also limits differentiation and heat replenishment timescales to decades at the localities studied.     

Dating recent lake sediments using spheroidal carbonaceous particle （SCP）

Dating lake sediment using sedimentary event is the supplement and calibration to traditional dating by radionuclide such as ^210Pb and ^137Cs. Based on the change of spheroidal carbonaceous particle (SCP) concentration, the age sequence of lake sediments can be deduced. It is one of the dating methods using sedimentary event. SCP is formed from combustion of fossil fuel at high temperature up to1750℃ and at a rate of heating of approaching 104℃/s. It can be dispersed to several hundred kilometers away from its source and deposited with precipitation or dryly deposited, and kept in sediments. Compared with Cs or Pb, there is no evidence for SCP that it decays in lake sediments and is unremovable once stored except by physical disturbance because it is mainly composed of element carbon. Handy method to extract, identify and calculate has been developed. Although fossil fuel has been used early in China, combustion at high temperature started later since emergence of electricity generation. The productivity of SCP is positively related with the generated thermal power, which is reflected as the SCP concentration in lake sediments increases with the increase of generated thermal power. Therefore, reliable sediment markers from the start of the SCP record and the remarkable variation can be used for dating purpose. In China, electricity industry started from the 1950s, and rapid increase of generated power took place since 1978. Based on these time markers, SCP time sequences of lake sediment cores LH and LL-4 from Longgan Lake, the middle reach of the Yangtze River, have been established, which is comparable with the results from ^137Cs and ^210pb, and has eliminated the errors of dating using ^137Cs and ^210pb.     

The mean residence time of river water in the Canada Basin

Seawater was collected from the western Arctic Ocean for measurements of 18О, ^226Ra and ^228Ra. The fractions of river runoff and sea ice melt-water in water samples were estimated by using δ^18О-S-PО^＊ tracer system. The mean residence time of river water in the Canada Basin was calculated based on the relationship between ^228Ra/^226Ra）A.R. and the fractions of river runoff in the shelf and deep ocean. Our results showed that the river runoff fractions in the Canada Basin were significantly higher than those in the shelf regions, suggesting that the Canada Basin is a major storage region for Arctic river water. ^228Ra activity concentrations in the Chukchi shelf and the Beaufort shelf ranged from 0.16 to 1.22 Bq/m^3, lower than those reported for shelves in the low and middle latitudes, indicating the effect of sea ice melt-water. A good positive linear relationship was observed between ^228Ra/^226Ra）A.R. and the fraction of river runoff for shelf waters, while the ^228Ra/^226Ra）A.R. in the Canada Basin was located below this re-gressive line. The low ^228Ra/^226Ra）A.R. in the Canada Basin was ascribed to ^228Ra decay during shelf wa-ters transporting to the deep ocean. The residence time of 5.0-11.0 a was estimated for the river water in the Canada Basin, which determined the time response of surface freshening in the North Atlantic to the river runoff into the Arctic Ocean.     

Biological productivity and carbon cycling in the Arctic Ocean

Primary production, bacterial production, particulate organic carbon fluxes and organic carbon burial rates were quantified during the summer period of 1999 in the Arctic Ocean via 14C uptake, 3H uptake, 234Th/238U disequilibrium and 210Pbex dating, respectively. The integrated primary production in the water column was as high as 197 mmolC/(m2@d) in the Chukchi shelf and was 3.8 mmolC/(m2@d) in the Canada Basin. These rates are higher than those reported previously. The ratios of bacterial production to primary production in the study region were higher than 0.5, indicating that microbial activity is not depressed but important in cold Arctic waters. 234Th/238U disequilibria were evident at the station in the Canada Basin. The presence of significant 234Th deficiency suggested that scavenging and removal processes are also important to biogeochemical cycles of trace elements in the Arctic Ocean. Particulate organic carbon export flux was estimated to be 1.0 mmolC/(m2@d). Measurements of sediment excess 210Pb profile in the Chukchi shelf allowed us to estimate the amount of organic carbon buried in the bottom sediment, which ranged from 25 to 35 mmolC/(m2@d) and represented about 59%-82% of the mean primary production in the euphotic zone. Overall, our results indicated that the Arctic Ocean has active carbon cycling and is not a biological desert as previously believed. Therefore, the Arctic Ocean may play an important role in the global carbon cycle and climate change.     

SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating for two episodes of migmatization in the Dabie orogen

Zircon CL imaging and SHRIMP U-Pb dating were carried out for migmatite in the Dabie orogen. Zircons from the Manshuihe migmatite show clear core-rim structures. The cores display sector or weak zoning and low Th/U ratios of 0.01 to 0.17, indicating their precipitation from metamorphic fluid. They yield a weighted mean age of 137±5 Ma. By contrast, the rims exhibit planar or nebulous zoning with relatively high Th/U ratios of 0.35 to 0.69, suggesting their growth from metamorphic melt. They give a weighted mean age of 124±2 Ma. Zircons from the Fenghuangguan migmatite also display core-rim structures. The cores are weakly oscillatory zoned or unzoned with high Th/U ratios of 0.21 to 3.03, representing inherited zircons of magmatic origin that experienced different degrees of solid-state recrystallization. SHRIMP U-Pb analyses obtain that its protolith was emplaced at 768±12 Ma, consistent with middle Neoproterozoic ages for protoliths of most UHP metaigneous rocks in the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt. By contrast, the rims do not show significant zoning and have very low Th/U ratios of 0.01 to 0.09, typical of zircon crystallized from metamorphic fluid. They yield a weighted 206Pb/238U age of 137±4 Ma. Taking the two case dates together, it appears that there are two episodes of zircon growth and thus migmati-tization at 137±2 Ma and 124±2 Ma, respectively, due to metamorphic dehydration and partial melting. The appearance of metamorphic dehydration corresponds to the beginning of tectonic extension thus to the tectonic switch from crustal compression to extension in the Dabie orogen. On the other hand, the partial melting is responsible for the extensional climax, resulting in formation of coeval migmatite, granitoid and granulite. They share the common protolith, the collision-thickened continental crust of mid-Neoproterozoic ages.     

贵州开阳白马洞古代炼汞炉渣污染元素地球化学特征

贵州开阳白马洞曾是古代中国朱砂开采冶炼基地,通过对白马洞大量堆积的古代炼汞炉渣、周围岩石及其风化形成的土壤的调查分析研究,发现以黑色岩系为母岩风化形成的土壤中明显富集As、Cd、Cu、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、Se、Th、U等元素;同时,古代炼汞炉渣中也富集As、Cd、Cs、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、Se、Th、U、Zn等多种元素,而且会受到As、Cd、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、Th、U、Zn等重金属和放射性元素的污染,其中以As、Sb、U的污染尤为严重。古代炼汞炉渣及当地土壤中的重金属和放射性元素污染在当地已产生负面环境效应,值得关注。     

In situ U-Pb dating of titanite by LA-ICPMS

Titanite is an ideal mineral for U-Pb isotopic dating because of its relatively high U,Th and Pb contents.Here,we developed a technique for U-Pb dating of titanite using the 193 nm ArF laser-ablation system and Agilent 7500a Q-ICP-MS.Standards of titanite (BLR-1 and OLT-1) and zircon (91500 and GJ-1) were dated using single spot and line raster scan analytical methods.To check the matrix effect,titanite (BLR-1) and zircon (91500) standards were analyzed as the external standards.The weighted mean 206 Pb/238 U ages of OLT-1 titanite are 1015±5 Ma (2,n=24) and 1017±6 Ma (2,n=24) by single spot and line raster scan analyses,respectively,using BLR-1 titanite as the external standard.These ages are consistent with its reference age of about 1014 Ma.However,using 91500 zircon as the external standard,the weighted mean 206 Pb/238 U ages are 917±4 Ma (2,n=24) and 927±5 Ma (2,n=24) for BLR-1 titanite,and 891±4 Ma (2,n=24) and 901±5 Ma (2,n=24) for OLT-1 titanite by single spot and line raster scan analyses,respectively.It is evident that these ages are ～12% younger than their reference values.Our results reveal that significant matrix effect does exist between different kinds of minerals during LA-ICPMS U-Pb age determination,whereas it is insignificant between same minerals.Therefore,same mineral must be used as the external standard for fractionation corrections during in situ LA-ICPMS U-Pb age analysis.In addition,we determined U-Pb ages for titanites from the Early Cretaceous Fangshan pluton,which indicates a rapid cooling history of this pluton.     

同位素稀释质谱-γ能谱法测定天然铀燃料元件燃耗

天然铀燃料元件燃耗低,裂变产物少,燃耗测定难度大.本文选取137 Cs为燃耗监测核素,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分离燃料元件溶液中的铀,同位素稀释-热电离质谱法(ID-TIMS)测定燃料元件中铀浓度,基于高灵敏度γ能谱法测定裂变产物137 Cs.介绍了铀与裂变产物高效液相色谱分离、铀质谱测定、稀释剂与样品比例优化、137 Cs点源制备、数据修正计算等过程,给出了3根天然铀燃料棒所取样品的燃耗测定值.