ECAP挤压L2纯铝的微观组织演化规律

用等通道转角挤压对纯铝L2进行10道次挤压,结果表明：挤压1道次后,原来晶粒尺寸为1 mm的等轴晶沿剪切方向被拉长为条带状晶,在条带状晶粒之间出现被剪切破碎的细小亚晶粒.挤压2道次后,出现了少量等轴晶.挤压4道次后,晶粒取向性变得不太明显,小角度晶界的亚晶粒逐步向大角度晶界的等轴晶演化,晶粒细化到1 μm.随挤压道次的继续增加,晶粒大小不再变化,而形状向等轴状演化.挤压10道次后,合金组织由晶粒大小为1 μm的等轴晶组成.ECAP挤压中,纯剪切变形和应变量的双重作用导致晶粒细化.当晶粒尺寸小于临界尺寸时,剪切变形对晶粒的细化起主要作用;当达到临界尺寸后,应变量起主要作用,表现在使合金组织形貌向等轴晶转变.     

基于元胞自动机的Haynes230动态再结晶组织演变

采用元胞自动机(CA),通过Matlab编程实现不同温度、不同应变速率下Haynes230镍基高温合金动态再结晶微观组织演变的动态观测,获得微观组织、位错密度、动态再结晶体积分数等微观层次的演变规律及宏观层次的流变应力-应变变化规律。研究结果表明:随着温度的升高和应变速率减小,动态再结晶分数增加、流变应力减小,因此,较高温度及较小的应变速率有利于Haynes230难变形金属热成形中动态再结晶的发生。Haynes230合金动态再结晶分数随着应变的增加而增大,其增长经历缓慢-快速-缓慢3个过程。CA模拟获得的再结晶分数与已有试验规律一致,最大相对误差为14.6%。     

镁合金高温流动特性与动态再结晶的关联机制

为了揭示"热变形—位错密度—动态再结晶—流动应力"之间的关联机制,采用元胞自动机方法定量模拟了镁合金AZ31B高温流动应力与动态再结晶微观组织演化行为.以初始微观组织和热力加工参数为输入量,位错密度为关键内变量模拟热变形过程中加工硬化、动态回复、动态再结晶形核和晶粒长大等微观组织演化过程,同时通过位错密度的统计平均值计算了宏观流动应力.结果表明:动态再结晶启动后位错密度分布呈现高度不均匀性,但其统计平均值曲线与流动应力曲线一致,呈现典型的动态再结晶特征;热力加工参数通过改变位错密度累积速度影响动态再结晶形核和长大行为;动态再结晶演化反过来又改变了材料位错密度分布进而影响后续的动态再结晶行为,导致材料流动应力发生变化.     

工艺参数对铝合金微槽道挤压成形的影响

将热处理后的1050铝合金拉伸试样进行等温拉伸试验，获得真实应力-应变曲线，使用Deform-3D软件模拟1050铝合金微槽道的挤压成形过程。分析挤压速度、摩擦因数以及槽道宽高比这些关键工艺参数对材料等效应力-应变曲线分布的影响。结果表明，随着挤压速度和摩擦因数的增大，材料等效应力和应变均变大，变形不均匀性增大；随着槽道宽高比的变大，材料的等效应力和应变整体呈现上升趋势，微槽道板筋处出现了明显的应力集中现象，变形不均匀。根据模拟结果，选取最优参数进行1050铝合金微槽道挤压成形模拟试验，结果显示材料的流动均匀性更好，成形过程更加稳定，所得零件表面精度显著提高。     

位错密度演化模型的研究进展

作为材料微观结构状态的一个内部变量，位错密度与材料组织结构演化和力学性能密切相关。金属材料在塑性变形过程中，其位错密度会发生演化。因此，位错密度演化模型的建立是材料组织结构和力学性能研究领域的一个重要课题。本文简要介绍了位错密度的演化规律及其物理机制，综述了当前位错密度演化模型的研究进展，总结了位错密度演化数值计算方法的研究现状，介绍了位错密度对组织结构演化和力学性能的影响规律，探讨了位错密度演化研究的发展趋势。     

纯镁粉末坯往复挤-镦的数值模拟及实验研究

采用DEFORM-2D有限元软件对纯镁粉末多道次往复挤-镦块体机械冶金过程进行有限元模拟，分析了往复挤-镦过程中的流场、应力场及应变场等相关场量变化规律.模拟结果表明：挤压段材料纵向流动，镦粗段材料横向流动,流速和流向的不一致形成强烈的交替剪切效应，且试样的主变形区域处于三向压应力状态.试样的等效应变呈不均匀分布，但应变的均匀性随着往复挤-镦道次的增加而有所改善.3道次往复挤-镦实验结果表明：试样产生显著的条带状组织，主变形区强烈的剪切力将原镁粉表面的氧化物和其内部的孔隙破碎，形成强烈的致密效应，相对密度接近0.98，组织上达到了良好的冶金结合.     

宏观孔对泡沫工业纯铝阻尼行为的影响

文章运用多功能内耗仪研究了宏观孔对空气加压渗流法制备的泡沫工业纯铝阻尼行为的影响。在室温低频率条件下测量了泡沫工业纯铝的内耗,实验结果表明泡沫工业纯铝的阻尼能力比致密工业纯铝的阻尼能力提高较大,前者内耗随着测量频率的增加而增加,同时也随应变振幅的增加而增大。运用TEM观察材料的微观结构,发现在晶界附近存在大量的位错亚结构。根据内耗测量和微观观察,讨论了泡沫工业纯铝中可能的阻尼机制,基于多孔弹性材料的平面波方程,理论计算得到了泡沫工业纯铝中内耗的表达式。     

等径角挤压工艺对AZ31B镁合金板材冲压性能的影响

对采用等径角挤压(ECAE)工艺前后AZ31镁合金板材的性能参数和冲压成形性能进行了研究.结果表明,经过等径角挤压工艺处理后镁合金板材的应变硬化指数n值、各向异性r值和极限拉深比LDR值均得到了优化,从而改善了镁合金板材的冲压性能.     

变形晶粒三叉晶界迁移过程的晶体相场模拟

【目的】研究纳米多晶材料受力变形过程中微观结构(如内部晶界,位错等)的演化过程,揭示纳米多晶材料受应力作用的微观机理。【方法】通过晶体相场(Phase field crystal,PFC)模型,模拟多晶样品在外加应力作用下的变形过程,分析内部畸变能的变化情况。【结果】在外加双轴动态加载作用下,当应变较小时,样品中的晶粒没有发生较大的变形,以位错沿着晶界运动为主。随着应变的增加,样品开始出现晶粒旋转、晶粒吞并、大小角晶界迁移运动、三叉晶界发射和接收位错等现象。晶界释放位错有助于减少晶界表面能;吸收位错则增加了晶界表面能。【结论】晶体相场方法可以有效模拟多晶体材料塑性变形过程的微观结构演化。     

等通道转角挤压对铝青铜力学性能的影响

采用等通道转角挤压（ECAE）工艺对铝青铜(Cu 10%Al 4%Fe)进行热处理,研究了ECAE处理工艺中预热温度、挤压道次及退火处理对铝青铜外观形貌、微观组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:在650 °C的预热温度下,铝青铜可以顺利通过ECAE挤压通道;随着ECAE挤压道次从1增至4,铝青铜的显微硬度、屈服强度及延伸率显著增加;经500 °C退火60 min处理后,铝青铜的力学性能最佳.     

Microstructural evolution of a recycled aluminum alloy deformed by equal channel angular pressing process

The microstructural evolution of a recycled aluminum alloy after equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) up to four passes was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microhardness tests were performed to determine the associated changes in mechanical properties. An ultrafine-grained material has been obtained with a microstructure showing a mixture of highly strained crystallites. A high density of dislocations was achieved as a result of severe plastic deformation (SPD) through the die. Changes in mechanical behavior are also revealed after ECAP due to strain hardening. Thermal analysis and TEM micrographs obtained after annealing indicate the succession of the recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth phenomena. Moreover, the energy stored during ECAP may be related to the dislocation density introduced by SPD. We finally emphasize the role played by the precipitates in this alloy.     

Simulation of dynamic recrystallization for an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy using cellular automaton

A cellular automata (CA) model has been developed to predict and control the microstructure evolution during hot deformation on 7085 aluminum alloy. The initial microstructure and thermal-mechanical parameters were used as the input data of the CA model. To link microstructure evolution with macroscopic flow stress, dislocation density was set as an important internal state variable. The hot deformation behavior of 7085 aluminum alloy was studied by isothermal compression tests under a deformation temperature range of 623–723 K and a strain rate range of 0.001-1s^?1 up to true strains of 0.53–1.20. Electron backscattered diffraction technique and the CA model were utilized to systematically investigate the effects of strain, strain rate and deformation temperature on the microstructure evolution, and further to predict the average grain diameter and the recrystallization fraction after deformation. The simulated results were validated by the experimental data to demonstrate the feasibility and predictability of the CA model.     

多道次ECAP挤压对纯铜拉伸行为影响的实验研究

为了解不同道次等通道转角挤压(ECAP)对材料拉伸屈服和硬化的作用,以纯铜棒材试样为研究对象,实验研究了经多道次ECAP后材料的单轴拉伸屈服和硬化行为,并进一步探讨了退火对ECAP后材料力学性能的影响,得到以下结论:①挤压道次相同的情况下,经退火/空冷处理后材料硬化更为充分;②一道次挤压对材料的硬化作用远大于后续道次;③在材料挤压后实施了退火的情形,四道次后的挤压对材料不再有明显的硬化作用。这一研究有助于人们更深入地了解ECAP对材料力学行为的影响。     

Influence of ECAP on the fatigue behavior of age-hardenable 2xxx aluminum alloy

The fatigue behavior under load control and the mechanical properties of commercial 2011 aluminum as an age-hardenable Al alloy was studied. To estimate the effects of the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) process, solution heat treatments, and aging on the fatigue life, tests were conducted at four different stages:furnace cooling; furnace cooling plus one ECAP pass; solid solution heat treatment, quenching, one ECAP pass plus aging at peak age level; and the T6 condition. Only one pass was possible at room temperature because of the high strength of the material. The fracture surface morphology and microstructure after fatigue were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results revealed that the optimum fatigue life under load control, the tensile strength, and the Vickers hardness of the material were interdependent. The optimum fatigue life under load control was achieved by increasing the tensile strength and hardness of the material.     

工业纯铝等径弯曲通道变形过程的数值模拟

等径弯曲通道变形(Equal ChannelAngularPressing简称ECAP)由于能直接制备块状超细晶材料而备受关注。通过对工业纯铝的ECAP变形过程进行有限元数值模拟,获得了变形过程的载荷变化规律和等效应变分布规律,并用坐标网格法对模拟结果进行了实验验证。在摩擦条件下,试样中区下表面的等效应变最大,至上表面处等效应变为最小。而在无摩擦理想情况下,其等效应变分布恰好相反,这可能是由于试样在ECAP变形过程中所受应力场和应变场的不同引起的。     

应力空间和应变空间的后继屈服面演化

 屈服面的位置和形状直接影响材料塑性应变的确定。考虑滑移是晶体的主要塑性变形机制,介绍了晶体塑性理论的推广--滑移构元模型,研究了应力空间和应变空间的后继屈服面演化。给出了确定应力空间和应变空间屈服面的数值计算方法,提出一种考虑屈服面畸变变形的混合硬化假设,可以描述应力空间和应变空间后继屈服面的移动和畸变变形。通过计算1100-O 铝在纯扭转和拉扭组合加载下（σ₁₁ -σ₁₂）空间和（ε₁₁ -γ₁₂）的后继屈服面演化,与已有实验结果吻合。研究结果表明,无论是在应力空间还是应变空间,后继屈服面“前凸后扁”的变形特征可基于滑移构元的潜在硬化和包氏效应来描述。     

高锰钢形变过程中加工硬化机理的研究

采用Gleeble-3500试验机对ZGMn13Cr2高锰钢进行0.1s-1应变速率下的室温压缩实验,应变量分别为5%,30%和50%.利用金相显微镜、维氏显微硬度机、XRD和TEM等方法,研究了压缩变形量对ZGMn13Cr2显微组织衍变及加工硬化机制的影响.结果表明:高锰钢压缩变形后晶粒内出现大量变形带,变形带相互交叉、缠结、割截.压缩变形量为5%时,高密度位错相互缠结呈位错胞或者位错墙,压缩变形量为30%时,基体内出现形变孪晶,随着变形量的进一步增大,孪晶的密度和体积分数增大,水韧态高锰钢在压缩变形量为50%的条件下,其显微硬度与初始态相比提高了125%,达到HV560.8.XRD结果显示,压缩变形后基体组织为奥氏体和少量的碳化物,未发现相变诱发马氏体组织.随着变形量的增大,高锰钢加工硬化机理由位错强化机制向形变孪晶强化为主、位错+少量层错强化机制为辅的机制转变.     

强化固溶态2024铝合金ECAP加工后的拉伸性能

在室温下对经强化固溶处理的2024铝合金实施了等效应变为0．5的等通道转角挤压（ECAP），将强化固溶、形变、时效和晶界细化四者有机结合，制备出超高强铝合金，其硬度、屈服强度、伸长率分别高达约191HV，610MPa和13％．强度-结构关系的定量计算表明，ECAP变形过程中所引入的位错，其对强度提升的贡献高达整个强度提高值的62．2％．研究结果还表明，强化固溶→低温ECAP变形→低温人工时效是提升常规铝合金的强度、制取超高强铝合金的一条有效途径。     

Effect of void nucleation on microstructure and stress state in aluminum alloy tailor-welded blank

The microscopic damage initiation characteristic in welded joint greatly determines the subsequent damage evolution and fracture behavior of aluminum alloy tailor-welded blank(TWB) during plastic forming. In this study, the interactive dependence of void nucleation on microstructure and stress state in the welded joint of a2219 aluminum alloy TWB was quantitatively explored by in-situ SEM testing. Moreover, a micromechanical model based on actual microstructure was adopted to reveal the underlying mechanisms from the perspective of microscopic heterogeneous deformation. The results showed that three void nucleation mechanisms, including particle-cracking, interface-debonding and matrix-cracking, coexisted in the deformation at different microstructure regions and stress states. The nucleation strain of each mechanism mainly depended on the particle volume fraction, grain size and stress triaxiality. Besides, the proportions of particle-cracking and interfacedebonding greatly varied with the grain size and particle volume fraction, and the variation law changed with the stress state. The proportion of matrix-cracking had a weak dependence on the microstructure, while increased with the stress triaxiality decreasing. It made the damage initiation in aluminum alloy welded joint transit from particle-cracking dominance to matrix-cracking dominance with the stress triaxiality decreasing.The micromechanical modeling results suggested that the changes of evolutions and distributions of Mises stress in particle, hydrostatic stress at interface and plastic strain in matrix with microstructure and stress state were responsible for the above effects.     

Designing of ECAP parameters based on strain distribution uniformity

Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is currently one of the most popular methods for fabricating Ultra-Fine Grained (UFG) materials. In this work, ECAP process has been performed on commercial pure aluminum up to 8 passes by route A. After verification of FEM work, the influences of four die channel angles, three outer corner angles and pass number up to 8 have been analyzed to investigate strain distribution behavior of ECAPed material. Two methods for quantifying the strain homogeneity namely inhomogeneity index (C_i) and standard deviation (S.D.) are compared. It is shown that C_i is not a good candidate for examining the strain distribution uniformity. Moreover, it is suggested that designing of ECAP die geometry to achieve optimum strain distribution homogeneity is more suitable than the optimum effective strain magnitude. The best strain distribution uniformity in the transverse plane is obtained with Φ=60° and Ψ=15° and for the bulk of the sample, Φ=120° and Ψ=15° or 60°, gives the highest strain dispersal uniformity.