Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Application of Seismic Zonation Map of ChinaTechnicalInnovations

1Introduction　Chinaisacountrywithhighearthquakedisaster.Thego vernmentalwayskeepsaneyeonseismicresistantbuilding.Thepublishedseismiczonationmapprovidestheruleforcon structionseismicresistantfortification .Fortheconvenientuse ,theseismicresistantfortificationruleofseismiczonationmapandbasiccontentandmeaningisbrieflyintroduced .Forthosekeyprojectsofsuperhighorsuperlongconstruction ,forexample ,largedam ,nuclearpowerplant,largepetrochemi calplantetc .,duetohighinvestmentandhighsocietyinf luence…     

The role of fluids in lower-crustal earthquakes near continental rifts

The occurrence of earthquakes in the lower crust near continental rifts has long been puzzling, as the lower crust is generally thought to be too hot for brittle failure to occur. Such anomalous events have usually been explained in terms of the lower crust being cooler than normal. But if the lower crust is indeed cold enough to produce earthquakes, then the uppermost mantle beneath it should also be cold enough, and yet uppermost mantle earthquakes are not observed. Numerous lower-crustal earthquakes occur near the southwestern termination of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), an active continental rift in New Zealand. Here we present three-dimensional tomographic imaging of seismic velocities and seismic attenuation in this region using data from a dense seismograph deployment. We find that crustal earthquakes accurately relocated with our three-dimensional seismic velocity model form a continuous band along the rift, deepening from mostly less than 10 km in the central TVZ to depths of 30-40 km in the lower crust, 30 km southwest of the termination of the volcanic zone. These earthquakes often occur in swarms, suggesting fluid movement in critically loaded fault zones. Seismic velocities within the band are also consistent with the presence of fluids, and the deepening seismicity parallels the boundary between high seismic attenuation (interpreted as partial melt) within the central TVZ and low seismic attenuation in the crust to the southwest. This linking of upper and lower-crustal seismicity and crustal structure allows us to propose a common explanation for all the seismicity, involving the weakening of faults on the periphery of an otherwise dry, mafic crust by hot fluids, including those exsolved from underlying melt. Such fluids may generally be an important driver of lower-crustal seismicity near continental rifts.     

A simplified approach to the global seismic hazard assessment

Some earthquakes in recent years (such as Tangshan earthquake (1976, China), North Ridge earthquake (1994, USA), Kobe earthquake (1995, Japan)) did not occur in known faults; moreover, the detailed data of geology, earthquake, crust deformation, etc. needed by the fault model are very difficult to obtain in many regions of the world. A simplified method of global seismic hazard analysis is developed, based on an area source model and by using seismicity data, and the global seismic hazard map is compiled. To evaluate the effectiveness and credibility of the new method, comparison study of this map with the existing national maps has been performed, which implies that it is considerably valuable to apply this method to practical use.     

Earthquakes as beacons of stress change

Aftershocks occurring on faults in the far-field of a large earthquake rupture can generally be accounted for by changes in static stress on these faults caused by the rupture. This implies that faults interact, and that the timing of an earthquake can be affected by previous nearby ruptures. Here we explore the potential of small earthquakes to act as 'beacons' for the mechanical state of the crust. We investigate the static-stress changes resulting from the 1992 Landers earthquake in southern California which occurred in an area of high seismic activity stemming from many faults. We first gauge the response of the regional seismicity to the Landers event with a new technique, and then apply the same method to the inverse problem of determining the slip distribution on the main rupture from the seismicity. Assuming justifiable parameters, we derive credible matches to slip profiles obtained directly from the Landers mainshock. Our results provide a way to monitor mechanical conditions in the upper crust, and to investigate processes leading to fault failure.     

Space geodetic evidence for rapid strain rates in the New Madrid seismic zone of central USA

In the winter of 1811-1812, near the town of New Madrid in the central United States and more than 2,000 km from the nearest plate boundary, three earthquakes within three months shook the entire eastern half of the country and liquefied the ground over distances far greater than any historic earthquake in North America. The origin and modern significance of these earthquakes, however, is highly contentious. Geological evidence demonstrates that liquefaction due to strong ground shaking, similar in scale to that generated by the New Madrid earthquakes, has occurred at least three and possibly four times in the past 2,000 years (refs 4-6), consistent with recurrence statistics derived from regional seismicity. Here we show direct evidence for rapid strain rates in the area determined from a continuously operated global positioning system (GPS) network. Rates of strain are of the order of 10(-7) per year, comparable in magnitude to those across active plate boundaries, and are consistent with known active faults within the region. These results have significant implications for the definition of seismic hazard and for processes that drive intraplate seismicity.     

从唐山大地震看国内外隐伏地震构造活动

以较多的实例说明隐伏于地壳深处的逆冲活断怪，常是损失巨大的强震发震构造。对“大地震发生在切穿最新地层并出露于地表的大断层上”定国内外理论提出挑战，指出潜在震源预测和断层工程评价应重视隐伏断裂的研究。     

Annual modulation of triggered seismicity following the 1992 Landers earthquake in California

The mechanism responsible for the triggering of earthquakes remains one of the least-understood aspects of the earthquake process. The magnitude-7.3 Landers, California earthquake of 28 June 1992 was followed for several weeks by triggered seismic activity over a large area, encompassing much of the western United States. Here we show that this triggered seismicity marked the beginning of a five-year trend, consisting of an elevated microearthquake rate that was modulated by an annual cycle, decaying with time. The annual cycle is mainly associated with several hydrothermal or volcanic regions where short-term triggering was also observed. These data indicate that the Landers earthquake produced long-term physical changes in these areas, and that an environmental source of stress--plausibly barometric pressure--might be responsible for the annual variation.     

建筑结构基于性能抗震设计的几个问题

近十年，特别是美国（1994年，Northridge)和日本（1995年，阪神）发生强烈地震后，暴露出现行抗震设计思想的不足，为了克服这些不足，基于性能的抗震设计被国际上广泛研究，并且被认为是未来抗震设计的主要指导思想，在有关文献的基础上，针对基于性能抗震设计所涉及的部分问题进行了阐述，目的是明确基于性能抗震设计的主要思想、研究内容以及与现行抗震设计思想的区别与联系。     

地震危险性分析方法的改进及其应用

分析总结了我国历史地震等震线及历史地震活动某些特征,发展了地震烈度衰减模型,改进了地震发生的双态泊松模型,对潜在震源我划分的不确定性进行了探讨。     

Seismic evidence of negligible water carried below 400-km depth in subducting lithosphere

Strong evidence exists that water is carried from the surface into the upper mantle by hydrous minerals in the uppermost 10-12?km of subducting lithosphere, and more water may be added as the lithosphere bends and goes downwards. Significant amounts of that water are released as the lithosphere heats up, triggering earthquakes and fluxing arc volcanism. In addition, there is experimental evidence for high solubility of water in olivine, the most abundant mineral in the upper mantle, for even higher solubility in olivine's high-pressure polymorphs, wadsleyite and ringwoodite, and for the existence of dense hydrous magnesium silicates that potentially could carry water well into the lower mantle (deeper than 1,000?km). Here we compare experimental and seismic evidence to test whether patterns of seismicity and the stabilities of these potentially relevant hydrous phases are consistent with a wet lithosphere. We show that there is nearly a one-to-one correlation between dehydration of minerals and seismicity at depths less than about 250?km, and conclude that the dehydration of minerals is the trigger of instability that leads to seismicity. At greater depths, however, we find no correlation between occurrences of earthquakes and depths where breakdown of hydrous phases is expected. Lastly, we note that there is compelling evidence for the existence of metastable olivine (which, if present, can explain the distribution of deep-focus earthquakes) west of and within the subducting Tonga slab and also in three other subduction zones, despite metastable olivine being incompatible with even extremely small amounts of water (of the order of 100?p.p.m. by weight). We conclude that subducting slabs are essentially dry at depths below 400?km and thus do not provide a pathway for significant amounts of water to enter the mantle transition zone or the lower mantle.     

Earthquake nucleation by transient deformations caused by the M = 7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake

The permanent and dynamic (transient) stress changes inferred to trigger earthquakes are usually orders of magnitude smaller than the stresses relaxed by the earthquakes themselves, implying that triggering occurs on critically stressed faults. Triggered seismicity rate increases may therefore be most likely to occur in areas where loading rates are highest and elevated pore pressures, perhaps facilitated by high-temperature fluids, reduce frictional stresses and promote failure. Here we show that the 2002 magnitude M = 7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake triggered widespread seismicity rate increases throughout British Columbia and into the western United States. Dynamic triggering by seismic waves should be enhanced in directions where rupture directivity focuses radiated energy, and we verify this using seismic and new high-sample GPS recordings of the Denali mainshock. These observations are comparable in scale only to the triggering caused by the 1992 M = 7.4 Landers, California, earthquake, and demonstrate that Landers triggering did not reflect some peculiarity of the region or the earthquake. However, the rate increases triggered by the Denali earthquake occurred in areas not obviously tectonically active, implying that even in areas of low ambient stressing rates, faults may still be critically stressed and that dynamic triggering may be ubiquitous and unpredictable.     

Earthquake triggering by seismic waves following the Landers and Hector Mine earthquakes

The proximity and similarity of the 1992, magnitude 7.3 Landers and 1999, magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes in California permit testing of earthquake triggering hypotheses not previously possible. The Hector Mine earthquake confirmed inferences that transient, oscillatory 'dynamic' deformations radiated as seismic waves can trigger seismicity rate increases, as proposed for the Landers earthquake. Here we quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of the seismicity rate changes. The seismicity rate increase was to the north for the Landers earthquake and primarily to the south for the Hector Mine earthquake. We suggest that rupture directivity results in elevated dynamic deformations north and south of the Landers and Hector Mine faults, respectively, as evident in the asymmetry of the recorded seismic velocity fields. Both dynamic and static stress changes seem important for triggering in the near field with dynamic stress changes dominating at greater distances. Peak seismic velocities recorded for each earthquake suggest the existence of, and place bounds on, dynamic triggering thresholds. These thresholds vary from a few tenths to a few MPa in most places, depend on local conditions, and exceed inferred static thresholds by more than an order of magnitude. At some sites, the onset of triggering was delayed until after the dynamic deformations subsided. Physical mechanisms consistent with all these observations may be similar to those that give rise to liquefaction or cyclic fatigue.     

气象奇点与云南最大震级预报研究

根据地震活动与气象要素之间的密切关系,采用大量气象资料选取预报因子,将气象统计理论应用于地震预报,开创了地震预报的数值预报新方法,并对中国云南5个地震分区,分上下半年做出了最大震级预报,其置信度达到特别显著水平。这对提高地震预报水平将具有深远意义。     

大型储液罐的地震反应分析

近年来地震频发,大型储液罐的抗震安全性则显得尤为重要.针对大型储液罐的地震反应进行了研究,首先建立了大型储液罐的有限元模型,然后对该模型进行模态分析得到大型储液罐的动力特性,最后通过地震激励得到大型储液罐的地震反应.通过结果分析表明,对于不考虑流固耦合的储液罐来说,不会出现"象足"失稳现象.研究为大型储液罐的抗震设计和抗震性能的研究提供了参考.     

Fine three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure beneath the capital region and deep environment for the nucleation of strong earthquakes

A detailed 3-D P-wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle under the capitol region is determined with a spatial resolution of 25 km in the horizontal direction and 4-17 km in depth. We used 48750 precise P-wave arrival time data from 2973 events of local crustal earthquakes, controlled seismic explosions and quarry blasts. These events were recorded by 123 seismic stations. The data are analyzed by using a 3-D seismic tomography method. Our tomographic model provides new information on the geological structure and complex seismotectonics of this region. Different patterns of velocity structures show up in the North China Basin, the Taihangshan and the Yanshan Mountainous areas. The velocity images of the upper crust reflect well the surface geological, topographic and lithological features. In the North China Basin, the depression and uplift areas are imaged as slow and fast velocity belts, respectively, which are oriented in NE-SW direction. The trend of velocity anomalies is the same as that of major structure and tectonics. Paleozoic strata and Pre-Cambrian basement rocks outcrop widely in the Taihangshan and Yanshan uplift areas, which exhibit strong and broad high-velocity anomalies in our tomographic images, while the Quaternary intermountain basins show up as small low-velocity anomalies. Most of large earthquakes, such as the 1976 Tangshan earthquake (M 7.8) and the 1679 Sanhe earthquake (M 8.0), generally occurred in high-velocity areas in the upper to middle crust. However, in the lower crust to the uppermost mantle under the source zones of the large earthquakes, low-velocity and high-conductivity anomalies exist, which are considered to be associated with fluids, just like the 1995 Kobe earthquake (M 7.2) and the 2001 Indian Bhuj earthquake (M 7.8). The fluids in the lower crust may cause the weakening of the seismogenic layer in the upper and middle crust and thus contribute to the initiation of the large crustal earthquakes.     

“一带一路”地区地震区划和防震减灾对策研究

 “一带一路”地区面积辽阔,活动构造分布广泛,大地震频繁发生。介绍了“一带一路”地区的潜在震源区划分模型、地震活动性模型、地震动衰减关系模型和场地调整方法,在“一带一路”地区开展了概率地震危险性计算,给出了全区50年超越概率10%的峰值加速度（PGA）分布的地震区划图,并提出不同地震危险性地区防震减灾对策建议。研究表明,东亚和东南亚西部、太平洋西岸、中亚南部、西亚东部、欧洲南部和非洲东部是“一带一路”地区地震危险性较高的地区,在50年超越概率10%的PGA>0.4的地区,一般民用建筑应采取地震烈度九度设防。     

Focal depth research of earthquakes in Mainland China: Implication for tectonics

Focal depth data of earthquakes in Mainland China are processed and analyzed in this paper, as well as the relationship between the focal depths and large-scale tectonic structures. As a basic parameter for earthquakes, focal depth is used to investigate deep environment of seismogenic regions, tectonic backgrounds for concentration and release of seismic energy, the inner crustal deformation and its mechanic features. Depth data of 31282 ML≥2.0 events with 1st class and 2nd class precision in Mainland China from Jan. 1, 1970 to May 31, 2000 are used to get spatial features of earthquakes distributed with depth and to provide average depth for each grid area throughout China. Researches show that the average depth (D-) for all the earthquakes used in this paper is (16±7) km, and (13±6) km and (18±8) km for the events in eastern China and western China, respectively. The area with the deepest focal depth is located in southwest Xinjiang region, near the western and southwestern ends of the Tarim Basin. The focal depth related to large-scale tectonic structures, for instance, = (33±12), (21±10), (14±7), (11±5) and (10±4) km in Tibet plateau block, Xinjiang block, North China, Northeastern China and South China, respectively. The earthquakes are deeper at the bounders of the integrated tectonic blocks, including the southwestern and northern brims of the Tarim Basin, southern brim of the Zhunge'r Basin and that of the Alashan block, as well as the eastern and western sides of the Edos block and the western brim of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquakes at the newly ruptured belts are relatively shallower, for instance, at the southwestern Yunnan seismic belt and the Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic belt. The mechanic behavior, deformation and features for the crust and mantle structures are also discussed.     

中国陆域近10年地震时空分布统计特征

对中国陆域近10年4级以上地震震中的空间分布和季节分布特征进行了统计分析，从1994年1月到2005年2月间的4级以上地震，共计966次。近10年的地震空间分布与中国陆域历史地震分布基本吻合。中国陆域地震活动与印度板块、太平洋板块及欧亚板块间的相互作用有关，与前者相关的地震位于青藏高原及其外围地区；与后者密切的地震活动集中在中国陆域南海，尤其是台湾省。同时地震活动多围绕断块的周围分布。地震震中较集中地分布在活动断裂带附近、断裂带密集分布地带以及大构造区域的边界地带。地震年际活动的季节统计分析表明，地震高峰期集中出现在春季和秋季，各年地震活动波动性最大，地震距平曲线与地球自转速度变化曲线协同，地球自转速度的季节性变化是影响地震活动的基本因素之一。     

大跨度连续梁桥抗震性能分析

随着国家经济的发展,大跨度桥梁在我国得到了很快的发展,其中大跨度连续梁桥是应用最广泛的桥型之一。同时,我国也是一个多地震的国家,因此,对作为生命线工程的桥梁建筑特别是大跨度桥梁建筑在地震作用下的反应做深入细致的分析是非常必要的。本文利用MADIS/Civil大型有限元软件为平台,建立大跨度连续梁桥的模型,通过引入弹性单元,对支座进行了模拟,采用质量-弹簧-阻尼-模型对桩土相互作用进行模拟,并对桥梁进行了抗震性能分析,为连续梁桥的抗震设计提供一定的参考。     

《地震战线》与地震预报知识的普及

"文革"十年,中国大陆经历了新中国成立以后的第一个地震活跃期。为了减少地震造成的破坏,全国范围内开展了以"群测群防、专群结合"为特点的大规模地震预报工作。但是在科技水平还无法准确预报地震的情况下,如何开展地震预报,如何在大众中普及预报方法,成为这项工作面临的首要问题。在此背景下,《地震战线》应运而生。文章在分析了《地震战线》的创刊背景、出版经过和该刊的主要内容及其特点的基础上,探讨了"文革"期间《地震战线》在地震预报知识普及中的作用和特点。