蓄/取热工况套管式地埋管换热器换热特性试验研究

为研究竖直套管式地埋管的非稳态传热特性,通过搭建竖直套管式地埋管传热特性砂箱试验台,对竖直套管式地埋管进行了试验研究,分析了蓄热工况和取热工况下不同运行模式对竖直套管式地埋管以及其周围土壤传热特性的影响,获得了竖直套管式地埋管流体的进出口水温、周围土壤温度、单位井深换热量以及平均传热系数的变化规律。试验研究结果表明：蓄热工况下在间歇运行模式分别为1:1与1:2情况下,启停比越小,地埋管周围土壤温度波动范围越大;取热工况下,距离地埋管径向距离越远的土壤温度受启停比时间的影响较小;间歇运行模式下的单位井深换热量比连续运行模式下单位井深换热量高,运行72 h时启停比1:1模式下单位井深换热量比连续模式下单位井深换热量高157.98 W/m。可见间歇运行模式有利于土壤恢复,实际工程中可根据建筑要求合理选择间歇运行。     

非连续运行工况下垂直地埋管换热器的换热特性

为了探讨非连续运行条件下地埋管的换热特性,基于相似理论搭建了地下换热模型试验台,进行了不同间歇运行工况的试验测试;建立了垂直U型埋管换热器二维非稳态传热模型,分析了单工况间歇运行、双工况交替运行及地下岩土类型对非连续运行条件下土壤温度分布特性的影响.结果表明:合理的间歇运行模式有利于埋管周围土壤温度快速恢复,从而可有效提高浅层地热能利用率;对于单工况间歇模式,等负荷强度变运停时间比时土壤温度恢复效果随间歇时间增加而增加;当放热量一定时,土壤温度波动较大,但并不一定能显著改善机组运行效果.对于双工况交替模式,均可显著降低土壤温升率,且间歇双工况交替比连续交替可增加全年土壤取放热不平衡率.此外,土壤导热系数与热扩散率越好,其温度恢复越快.实验表明:所建模型预测温度的计算值与实验值最大绝对误差为0.45℃,相对误差小于5%.     

岩溶地区地源热泵空调系统的实验研究

地源热泵运行中地埋管换热器与岩土层的热交换必然引起地埋管周围温度场的变化。借助岩溶地区地源热泵系统实验平台,开展夏季制冷工况下两种不同运行模式的实验,探讨地埋管周围温度场的变化规律及其对地源热泵性能的影响。实验研究结果表明:1横、竖地埋管管壁温度的变化规律基本上一致,但其管壁温升幅度有所差异,竖埋管管壁的温升幅度(间歇工况3.7℃,连续工况3.2℃)均较横埋管(间歇工况0.9℃,连续工况0.7℃)要大;2横、竖地埋管周围土壤温升幅度跟距离地埋管的远近有关,随着距离的增加,其温升的幅度递减;31.0 m以上地层土壤温度变化受气候环境变化的影响,从而影响了埋深较浅的横埋管。而埋深较大的竖埋管受岩溶地下水渗流的影响;4系统回水温度对热泵机组性能系数COP有显著影响,间歇运行模式下的热泵机组性能系数COP对系统回水温度的变化更加敏感。     

地源热泵间歇运行地温变化特性及恢复特性研究

针对土壤源热泵运行过程中地下传热衰减问题,进行了热泵间歇运行实验,测试分析了热泵间歇运行过程中地温变化规律及其对换热率和机组性能的影响.建立基于渗流的三维非稳态传热模型,对地下垂直U形埋管与周围土壤的热湿耦合传递进行数值计算,模拟了热泵运行状态下地温变化及热泵停歇状态下地温恢复特性;数值分析了土壤导热系数、土壤孔隙率、不同回填材料及太阳辐射能对地温恢复过程的影响.实验与数值计算都表明,热泵可控间歇运行策略对于改善地下传热,提高热泵系统性能具有重要作用,探讨热泵可控间歇运行问题对于地热能高效一体化利用具有理论意义.     

基于有限元法的垂直地埋管换热器传热研究

根据能量守恒原理,对地埋管换热器建立二维传热模型.运用Ansys热分析软件,采用热传导的有限元瞬态分析方法,对地源热泵垂直埋管与回填材料及岩土间的传热进行数值模拟与分析.根据合肥地区某住宅的地源热泵工程的相关设计资料,分析了垂直埋管在岩土中传热的温度场及温度梯度场的影响大小及范围,对地埋管在1个周期运行后对岩土体的温度恢复情况的影响进行了数值分析,结果表明:对于地处夏热冬冷的合肥地区,较适宜应用地源热泵系统,岩土温度的自平衡性较好.     

基于多极理论传热模型的垂直U型地埋管传热特性研究

地埋管循环介质出口温度不仅仅反映了地埋管的换热能力,同时极大地影响着热泵主机的运行效率,是地埋管换热过程的一个重要能效特性参数,可通过引入能效系数来反映.文基于地埋管轴向流动多极理论传热模型对不同的回填材料物性、支管间距、地埋管埋设深度、土壤物性、管内循环介质流速条件下地埋管传热过程进行动态模拟和分析,得出了各重要特性参数的变化对U型地埋管传热能效的影响规律,可为土壤源热泵地埋管换热器的设计提供参考.     

埋管换热器对地表温度影响的模拟分析

为探讨地源热泵系统垂直埋管换热器运行对地表温度的影响,采用数值模拟的方法,基于一定的覆土厚度,结合不同工况下的埋管负荷,建立了地下土壤、钻孔、覆土与外界环境之间的传热模型,对埋管运行期覆土层温度场的变化进行了分析,并对地表温度随覆土厚度的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,在地埋管的连续换热作用下,埋管周围土壤温度显著变化,且越接近钻孔中心,温度变化幅度越大;钻孔顶部覆土层温度局部变化,随着覆土厚度增加,温差递减;地表温度变化范围及上升幅度与埋管换热量成正比,与覆土厚度成反比;增加覆土层厚度能有效减缓地埋管换热对地表温度造成的热影响,有利于管群区域的红外伪装。     

非饱和黏土地层中相变能源桩热性能测试

采用钢球封装相变材料替换混凝土中粗骨料能够增加能源桩桩体的能量密度、提高换热量,从而减小热交换所需的地下空间资源。该文通过模型试验对非饱和黏土地层中的普通混凝土和相变储能混凝土能源桩进行冷热加载,对比研究了其热响应特性和对桩周土体的影响。试验结果表明：在冷热加载的热交换过程中,相变桩体周围土体传热主要范围约为1.5倍桩径,相变桩的换热管进出口温度变化大于普通桩,说明相变桩热交换效率高于普通桩;相变桩与普通桩在制热阶段的温差小于制冷阶段的温差,说明制冷加载在相同循环工况下的换热效率大于制热加载;在制冷过程中相变材料的加入加大了桩内竖向和横截面温度分布的不均匀性,在温度荷载作用下正常固结非饱和黏土地基产生明显的固结排水,发生不可恢复的沉降变形。     

相变吊顶与隧道空气耦合传热模拟分析

在地铁隧道区间构建了相变吊顶,相变材料选择水合盐晶体CaCl27.6H2O.将列车在运行中的散热简化成移动发热物体等热流散热过程,建立列车在区间内运动三维物理模型,模拟了短时间内构建相变吊顶区间温度场变化.建立了相变材料与区间空气温度耦合传热模型,并求解.其求解结果与三维模型模拟结果对比,验证了耦合模型有效性.采用耦合模型对长时间作用下相变材料吸热量以及隧道区间温度进行预测,结果显示,在模拟工况条件下相变吊顶可吸收56.9%列车散发的热量.     

基于非等温管道流动的浅层地热泵有限元分析

基于流场、温度场多场问题的有限元方法,对非等温管道流动的浅层地源热泵这一工程技术进行了数值模拟分析。首先,在假定的基础上给出了地源热泵多场问题的数学控制方程,然后利用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元软件建立了相应数值模型,对地源热泵的相关施工参数影响进行了分析。结果表明：随埋深增加,地埋管出水温度增加,每延米管长换热功率减少;地埋管内径越小,其出水温度越低,每延米管长换热功率也减小。两管靠得越近,两者之间的热阻就越小,导致热短路现象,进而影响进水管温度。随着导热系数的增大,出水温度将降低,每延米管长换热功率将增大,在回填材料导热系数小于或略大于岩土体导热系数时,使用好的导热系数回填材料在提高每延米管长换热功率效果方面比较明显,这种效果在进一步提高回填材料导热系数时将趋缓。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.