Progress report on the study of wood-decaying fungi in China

This study addressed three important aims:(1) undermining the previously obtained raw data about wood-decaying fungi(WDF) distribution and continuously investigating permanent plots to address certain scientific questions in ecology,(2) resolving the higher-level phylogeny of WDF with the help of multiple loci,and(3) testing and estimating the medicinal values of species that are closely related to well-known medicinal species.More than 1200 species and 2469 strains of WDF in China were identified from 28908 specimens collected from a series of field investigations.Using these materials,studies in multiple disciplines,such as ecology,taxonomy and phylogeny,and medicine,have been performed.With respect to ecology,the diversity of wood-decaying polypores significantly differed among a boreal forest zone,a temperate and warm temperate forest zone,and a tropical and subtropical forest zone.For instance,from north to south,the number and proportion of brown-rot species and the proportion of species found on fallen trunks were both decreased.The ecological patterns of wood-decaying polypores on gymnosperm and angiosperm trees were also explored by a case study in Northeast China.Although the total species richness was similar between the two tree groups,several other characteristics were significantly different,such as community structure and richness in certain substrates.The taxonomy and phylogeny of wide samples were referred to and their phylogenetic positions were resolved or at least partially established.In particular,phylogenetic knowledge about four genera,Fomitiporia,Ganoderma,Inonotus and Perenniporia,which include medicinal species,was essential for further research to determine the medicinal values of these types of fungi.Among these medicinal species,we mainly focused on Inonotus obliquus for its medicinal purposes.Polyphenols,polysaccharides and lanostane-type triterpenoids,extracted from the sterile conk of this species,could dramatically decrease levels of free radicals,DPPH and hydroxyl radicals,respectively.The metabolic profiles(both production and composition) of cultured I.obliquus mycelia could be altered by co-culture with other medicinal species or by induction of S-nitrosylation and denitrosylation,which may enhance the antioxidant capacity of I.obliquus.     

Molecular phylogenetic evidence that the Chinese viviparid genus Margarya (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) is polyphyletic

We investigated the phylogeny of the viviparid genus Margarya,endemic to Yunnan,China,using two mitochondrial gene fragments(COI and 16S rRNA).The molecular phylogeny based on the combined dataset indicates that Margarya is polyphyletic,as two of the three well-supported clades containing species of Margarya also comprise species from other viviparid genera.In one clade,sequences of four species of Margarya even cluster indiscriminately with those of two species of Cipangopaludina,indicating that the current state of Asian viviparid taxonomy needs to be revised.Additionally,these data suggest that shell evolution in viviparids is complex,as even the large and strongly sculptured shells of Margarya,which are outstanding among Asian viviparids,can apparently be easily converted to simple smooth shells.The molecular data also indicate that the species status of the six extant species of Margarya should be re-assessed.     

药用植物中四环三萜皂苷合成生物学研究进展

萜类化合物是药用植物中结构和生物活性多样化的一类大分子化合物,是自然界中广泛存在的次级代谢产物,主要应用于食品、保健品、医药等领域。生物信息学和分子生物学研究的不断深入,极大促进了药用植物四环三萜皂苷的生物合成途径解析与关键功能基因的挖掘鉴定。本文对常见药用植物四环三萜皂苷的生物合成学研究现状展开论述,重点介绍以药用植物四环三萜皂苷为代表的几类化合物的分子合成机制和生物合成研究进展,为人工构建、优化微生物“细胞工厂”,高效合成稀有、高附加值的四环三萜类化合物,推动药用植物资源可持续利用等提供参考。     

河北省抗癌中草药资源概况

本文概述了河北省境内抗癌中草药的种类、资源状况及研究进展，并根据药用植物化学分类学原理，指出今后开发利用的方向。     

贵州册亨县药用植物资源调查

通过野外考察,标本采集,资料收集与资料考证及标本鉴定,对册亨县药用植物资源进行了调查研究。发现册亨县有药用维管属植物165科572属949余种,根据中医理论基础,民间及临床用药,按其药用功能划分为18类。册亨县有36种药用新资源,7种保护药用植物,并对该县的中草药资源可持续发展提出建议。     

生命有机磷化学、生化分析与生物传感研究进展

化学生物学是一门化学与生命科学高度交叉的前沿学科,它利用化学的方法、手段和策略从分子水平认识生命现象的本质,创造对生理或病理过程具有调控作用的活性物质,从而为生物医药、农业和环境科学的发展提供解决方案.本文就厦门大学化学生物学学科近5年在生命有机磷化学、生化分析与生物传感等特色研究领域的进展进行综述.     

贵州杜鹃花科、紫金牛科药用植物资源的种类与地理分布

通过调查研究,基本搞清了贵州药用杜鹃花科、紫金牛科植物的种类与地理分布。采用野外考察、资料收集与标本鉴定相结合。结果发现贵州现有药用杜鹃花科植物55种,其中22种为贵州药用新资源;现有药用紫金牛科植物36种,其中7种为贵州药用新资源。     

石油沥青质中杂原子化合物的高分辨质谱分析

使用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱研究沥青质及其亚组分的分子组成。结果表明,重质油及其沥青质中杂原子化合物分子组成十分复杂,负离子电喷雾结合高分辨傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR MS)鉴定出了N1、N1O1、N1O1S1、N1O2、N1S1、O2、O2S1、O2S2、O2S3、O3、O3S1、O4等多种杂原子类型,含氧化合物和分子中存在多个杂原子的化合物在沥青质中相对富集。加拿大油砂沥青减压渣油(VTB)C7沥青质较C5沥青质中化合物缩合度更高;不同原油沥青质组成差异很大,VTB沥青质中杂原子类型多,分子缩合程度较高,而苏丹VR沥青质中含氧化物丰度较高。分子缩合度的微小变化也能对沥青质的溶解度产生较大影响,通过对不同极性亚组分分析,从分子层次证明了高缩度和多杂原子化合物最容易在低极性或非极性溶剂中沉淀出来。通过对非碱性氮化合物和酸性化合物的分子组成分析,获得了沥青质分子组成的重要信息,尽管在实验选用的仪器条件下仅能对沥青质中部分化合物进行分析,但是可以确定沥青质中存在很多小分子化合物。     

贵州贵定县药用植物资源调查

通过野外考察、标本采集、资料收集与资料考证及标本鉴定,对贵定县药用植物资源进行了调查研究。发现贵定县有药用维管属植物151科439属693余种,根据中医理论基础,民间及临床用药,按其药用功能划分为18类。贵定县有20种药用新资源,5种保护植物,并对该县的中草药资源可持续发展提出建议。     

On the Phylum Vetulicolia

1 The Chengjiang Fauna and the four greatest inno- vations in the evolutionary history of animals In 1837, i.e. 22 years before the formal publication of Origin of Species, by comprehending the finch story in the Galapagos, Charles Darwin understood that an animal species could be transformed into another species bygradual modifications and for the first time drew the fa- mous “branching tree”[1]. A century later, passing through two major revisions, i.e. the so-called Neo-Darwinism and …     

Analysis of diversity of CO I gene and system generation of nine species of chitons

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ(COⅠ) genes from 9 chiton species in China’s coast area were sequenced. A phylogeny tree about these gene sequences were reconstructed together with other 4 COⅠgene sequences of chitons from Genbank. The affinity genetic relationship and the taxonomic status of molecular evolution for these 13 chiton species were analyzed. The results show that Liolophura japonica and Onithochiton hirasei belong to Chitonidae, Acanthochiton rubrolineatus and Acanthochiton dissimilis belong to Acanthochitonidae, and Placiphorella japonica and Mopalia retifera belong to the same family Mopliidae. However, Lepidozona coreanica, Ischnochiton comptus, and Ischnochiton hakodadensis are not supposed to be referred to Ischnochi-tonidae according to the genetic distance analysis (L. coreanica, I. comptus, and I. hakodadensis are usually classed as Ischnochitonidae according to their morphological character). Furthermore, I. hakodadensis could not been classed as Ischnochiton, and it is more likely to be treated as a close relative of Lepidozona.     

DNA分子标记技术在药用植物上的应用

药用植物是我国极其宝贵的自然资源之一,开展药用植物的研究具有重要的理论与现实意义.随着分子生物学的快速发展,DNA分子标记技术作为一种新的遗传标记技术越来越广泛地应用于药用植物研究的许多领域中.本文简要介绍了DNA分子标记在药用植物研究中一些常见技术(如RAPD、RFLP、AFLP、SCAR、ISSR、SNP等),同时对分子标记技术在药用植物种质资源鉴定、药用植物遗传多样性、药用植物亲缘关系鉴定等方面的应用进行了较详尽的阐述.最后,对DNA分子标记技术的应用前景进行了展望.     

贵州蕨类药用植物种类与地理分布的研究Ⅰ

通过调查研究,基本搞清了贵州蕨类药用植物的种类与地理分布。采用野外考察、资料收集与标本鉴定相结合。结果发现贵州现有蕨类药用植物352种11变种3变型,其中59种3变种2变型为贵州蕨类药用植物新资源,1种为贵州蕨类特有药用植物,23种分布区域狭窄、种群数量稀少,《贵州中药资源》中记载的11种蕨类药用植物为误载,贵州不产。     

新型1,3,4-噁二唑衍生物的合成

 1,3,4-噁二唑广泛应用于医药、农药、材料等诸多领域,该文设计并合成了一系列含N-正癸基咪唑结构单元的1,3,4-噁二唑化合物,目标产物结构经NMR, MS 和 EA鉴定。     

长足寄蝇亚科研究进展

长足寄蝇亚科Dexiinae的卵或幼虫主要寄生于土壤中鞘翅目成虫或幼虫体内和鳞翅目幼虫体内,是大多数农林害虫的重要天敌。世界已知13族260属约1000种,中国有9族39属126种。综述了国内外长足寄蝇亚科的分类、动物区系与分布、系统发育与进化、寄生生物学与害虫控制的研究史和现状,探讨了存在的问题和未来我国本亚科的研究方向。     

微波辅助合成咪唑类化合物的研究

微波辅助是微波化学中的一个重要分支,具有操作简单、排污少、反应快、产率高等优点.咪唑类化合物作为一种重要的N-杂有机化合物,在药物化学、材料化学等领域具有广阔的应用前景.微波辅助合成咪唑类化合物由于环境友好而越来越受人们的关注.文章简述了近年来微波辅助合成咪唑类化合物的研究进展.     

微波辅助合成咪唑类化合物的研究

微波辅助是微波化学中的一个重要分支,具有操作简单、排污少、反应快、产率高等优点.咪唑类化合物作为一种重要的N-杂有机化合物,在药物化学、材料化学等领域具有广阔的应用前景.微波辅助合成咪唑类化合物由于环境友好而越来越受人们的关注.文章简述了近年来微波辅助合成咪唑类化合物的研究进展.     

中国药用真菌（子囊菌）多样性及其化学成分

中国药用真菌（子囊菌）种类资源丰富。本文依据文献资料汇总了中国药用子囊菌61种,并对其生境条件、产地与分布及其化学成分和药用价值进行了简述。     

贵州五加科、伞形科、山茱萸科药用植物资源调查与考证

采取查阅文献、标本鉴定与野外调查相结合的方法,对《贵州中药资源》收栽的五加科、伞形科和山茱萸科药用植物的种类、拉丁学名及地理分布进行考订。结果发现贵州五加科药用植物新记录1变种,贵州药用新资源8种8变种;伞形科药用植物新记录1变种,贵州药用新资源6种2变种;山茱萸科贵州药用新资源8种2变种。确认贵州现有五加科药用植物44种14变种,伞形科66种6变种,山茱萸科27种5变种。     

九连山自然保护区药用植物资源

通过对九连山自然保护区药用植物调查，该区有药用藻类2类，药用地衣4种，药用真菌34中，药用苔藓28种，药用蕨类112种，药用各子植物1342种，共计有药用植物1522种，其中常用中药材267种。并介绍了药用植物资源合理利用的概况，此外，还发现了18种江西地理分布新记录。