植物生殖与胚胎发育过程中的细胞程序性死亡

生殖与胚胎发育过程中植物细胞程序性死亡（ＰＣＤ）的典型特点在于它的细胞类型特异性。即在特定时期，只有特定的细胞才会发生ＰＣＤ。介绍了植物生殖和胚胎发育过程中各种类型的细胞在特定时期所发生的ＰＣＤ的形态和生化特征。这些ＰＣＤ类型包括大小孢子的退化、单性花的形成、性别决定、心皮通化、花粉发育及绒毡层的解体、胚胎发育过程中胚柄及糊粉层的消失以及体细胞胚胎发生等。同时对植物生长和发育过程中ＰＣＤ的作用及其     

植物细胞程序性死亡研究进展

植物细胞程序性死亡普遍存在于植物生长发育及环境相互作用过程中,是由基因调控的、主动的细胞死亡过程。植物PCD已成为当前生物学研究的热点之一。本文概述了植物细胞程序性死亡的形态学、分子生物学特征以及植物PCD在植物发育、环境胁迫、超敏反应中的存在,并就植物PCD的细胞形态学、分子生物学等检测方法以及植物PCD的基因、酶和信号分子的调控进行了综述。     

植物细胞程序性死亡的调控及检测

植物细胞程序性死亡（prognammed cell death,PCD）普遍存在于植物体发育过程中，是由基因调控的、主动的细胞死亡过程．本文对植物细胞程序性死亡的基本特征、调控及其检测方法进行了综述．     

植物抗病过程中PCD研究进展

细胞程序性死亡（PCD）是生物体为了自身发育或抵抗外界不良环境,在基因控制下采取的主动地、有序的死亡方式,并伴随着细胞形态学和分子生物学等方面的特征。本文综述了植物抗病过程中PCD的研究进展,重点对植物与病原物互作中的PCD以及PCD的检测方法等方面进行了分析和总结,并对抗痛过程中的PCD研究前景进行了展望,期望对进一步揭示PCD与植物抗病之间的深层次关系起到推动作用。     

植物细胞程序性死亡的研究进展

细胞程序性死亡是植物正常生长发育过程中必不可少的一部分,目前已经成为植物细胞生物学研究的热点。本文从植物PCD与动物PCD间的异同,植物PCD与营养生长、生殖生长、逆境胁迫的关系,植物PCD的分子机制与调控等方面,综述了植物细胞程序性死亡的研究进展。     

植物细胞程序性死亡的研究进展

细胞程序性死亡是在植物体的一定发育阶段普遍发生的受特定基因调控的自然的细胞死亡过程.本文就植物PCD的一般特征、普遍性及其机理等方面的研究进展进行综述.     

维管植物导管元素分化与细胞程序性死亡

通过遗传控制的细胞死亡是植物正常生长和发育的重要过程，是近年来国内外的研究热点之一。维管植物的导管和筛管由死亡的管导分子组成，本文着重讨论了维管植物的导分子形成过程中的细胞程序性死亡（ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｄ ｃｅｌｌｄｅａｔｈＰＣＤ）的形态和化特性以及参与找在因，并介绍了植物生长发育过程中ＰＣＤ存在的时空广泛性。虽然植物发育生殖过程中的ＰＣＤ与动物细胞通过遗控制的细胞死亡是植物正常生长和发育的重要过程，是近年来国内外的研究热点之一，维管植物的导管和筛管由天文馆的导管分子组成。本文着重讨论了维管植物的导管分子形成过程中的细程序性死亡（programmed cell death PCD)的形态和生化特征以及参与的基因，并介绍了植物生长发育过程中ＰＣＤ存在的时空广泛性。虽然植物发育和生殖过程中的ＰＣＤ与动物细胞凋亡存在许多相似的形太必生化特征，但细胞通过自溶或自自我吞噬来死亡，而并不形成动物细胞凋亡中典型的凋亡小体。说明这些ＰＣＤ类型本质上凋亡型ＰＣＤ。导管分子的死亡是一种典型的植物ＰＣＤ。近年来体外系统研究表明，导管元素分析中的细胞死亡程序与动物细胞凋亡不同。     

植物细胞程序性死亡中的半胱氨酸蛋白酶研究进展

半胱氨酸蛋白酶是富含半胱氨酸的一类蛋白酶家族,不仅广泛参与植物的各种生理过程,而且最新研究表明,半胱氨酸蛋白酶与植物发生PCD有关。本文从Caspase的基本结构、分类及Caspase参与植物PCD的过程等方面进行了综述,以期为半胱氨酸蛋白酶在植物细胞程序性死亡中的作用研究提供理论参考。     

植物生长发育过程中的细胞程序性死亡

细胞程序性死亡是植物中普遍存在的现象，并与植物的生长发育密切相关。简要综述了在植物生长发育过程中的细胞程序性死亡现象。     

钙离子可能参与放线菌素D诱导的玉米细胞凋亡

钙在动物细胞凋亡的信号转导中起重要作用，其最直接的作用是激活钙依赖性核酸酶，导致DNA的特异片段化。然而，关于钙在植物细胞程序性死亡中的作用的报道很少。本文以玉米根尖分生组织为材料，利用RNA合成剂放线菌D诱导细胞死亡，并从形态和生化方面检测到这种细胞死亡是一种程序性死亡，并从形态和生化方面检测到这种细胞死亡是一种程序性死亡（programmed cell death,PCD)。利用钙离子特异性结合荧光染料wazo-1研究的结果表明，在死亡程序启动的瞬间，胞质内钙离子浓度急骤上升。意味着钙信号转导途径可能参与了这种PCD。这种PCD在DNA严重断裂之前是可以逆转的。     

玉米中的细胞程序性死亡及其遗传机制

玉米是主要农作物之一 ,也是一种重要的模式研究植物。玉米生长发育过程中自始至终伴随着细胞程序性死亡 (programmedcelldeathPCD)。这些PCD大致分为三大类 ,一类是正常生长发育过程中的PCD ;一类是抗病过程中的PCD或突变模拟病斑 ;另一类是外界逆境因素诱导的PCD。在玉米中已发现许多细胞死亡突变体 ,导致这些突变的一般是一个已知的可转座元素 ,这样便可通过转座子标签法来分离这些突变体的相应基因。对这些突变体的分析将阐明玉米PCD的分子机制及遗传调控 ,从而为人工控制玉米PCD提供理论基础 ,并将为其它植物的PCD研究提供一种模型。     

Self-incompatibility triggers programmed cell death in Papaver pollen

Sexual reproduction in many angiosperm plants involves self-incompatibility (SI), which is one of the most important mechanisms to prevent inbreeding. SI is genetically controlled by the S-locus, and involves highly specific interactions during pollination between pollen and the pistil on which it lands. This results in the rejection of incompatible ('self') pollen, whereas compatible ('non-self') pollen is allowed to fertilize the plant. In Papaver rhoeas, S-proteins encoded by the stigma component of the S-locus interact with incompatible pollen, triggering a Ca2+-dependent signalling network, resulting in the inhibition of pollen-tube growth. Programmed cell death (PCD) is a mechanism used by many organisms to destroy unwanted cells in a precisely regulated manner. Here we show that PCD is triggered by SI in an S-specific manner in incompatible pollen. This provides a demonstration of a SI system using PCD, revealing a novel mechanism to prevent self-fertilization. Furthermore, our data reveal that the response is biphasic; rapid inhibition of pollen-tube growth is followed by PCD, which is involved in a later 'decision-making' phase, making inhibition irreversible.     

Evolution of plant reproduction: From fusion and dispersal to interaction and communication

Based on the existing data concerning the evolution of the sexual reproduction, it is argued that the processes of sex differentiation and interactions play a key role in evolution. From the beginning environment and organism are unified. In a changing dynamic environment life originates and the interaction between life and environment develops from simple to more complex organisms. Sexual reproduction is introduced after the origin of meiosis and is a key process in evolution. The asexual reproduction process prepares to dispersal. Sexual reproduction process adds the genome renewal and the gamete-gamete interaction. Reproduction and dispersal are connected and the process of reproduction has similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction. Unicellular algae develop the physiological and morphological sex differentiation. Sex differentiation is connected with the way of dispersal. The step to multicellular plants introduces cell isolation after meiosis and by the stay on the mother plant within a cell or organ, plant-cell apoplastic interaction originates and by prolonged stay the plant-plant interaction. This stay influences the type of dispersal. A life cycle with alternation of generations and two moments of dispersal permits plants to go on land. In ferns a shift in the moment of sex differentiation to meiospore happens and the stay of the macrospore leads to the seed plants. In water all types of sexual reproduction, interactions and the alternation of generations are prepared and these are used to conquest land. On land the biotic dispersal is realized. The phylogeny of sexual reproduction reveals that the sex differentiation and interaction are the main causes in the evolution of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction shows interactions during gamete fusion, between organism and environment and in multicellular plants between organisms. With respect to other types of interaction as in symbiosis or the nutrient chain, interaction is considered as an important action which is based on a persisting cooperation and points to a push during evolution. The push is expressed as communication： the driving force in the evolution. Based on the interactions between organisms and interactions between organisms and the dynamic environment, communication is considered as a driving force leading to the evolution as explained in the development of plant reproduction. Consequences for reproduction, its regulation and the process of evolution are discussed.     

活性氧与植物细胞程序性死亡

在植物细胞中,线粒体ETC的复合物I和III是ROS产生的主要部位。大量证据表明,ROS可作为一普遍存在的信号分子在胁迫诱导植物PCD过程中起作用,而线粒体处于PCD调控的中心位置。     

Programmed cell death, mitochondria and the plant hypersensitive response.

The plant response to attempted infection by microbial pathogens is often accompanied by rapid cell death in and around the initial infection site, a reaction known as the hypersensitive response. This response is associated with restricted pathogen growth and represents a form of programmed cell death (PCD). Recent pharmacological and molecular studies have provided functional evidence for the conservation of some of the basic regulatory mechanisms underlying the response to pathogens and the activation of PCD in animal and plant systems. In animals, the mitochondrion integrates diverse cellular stress signals and initiates the death execution pathway, and studies indicate a similar involvement for mitochondria in regulating PCD in plants. But many of the cell-death regulators that have been characterized in humans, worms and flies are absent from the Arabidopsis genome, indicating that plants probably use other regulators to control this process.     

豌豆顶芽衰老过程中的显微、超微结构和nDNA的变化

显微、超微结构研究表明 ,短日照条件下豌豆顶芽的衰老过程是从营养生长锥向花芽的转化 ,而用DNA原位末端标记 (TUNEL)、Caspase 8WesternBlot和 14 0bpDNA片断积累的试验结果证明 ,转化为花芽的整个生长锥细胞发生了编程性死亡 (PCD) ,而且其最顶端部分细胞首先发生PCD ,而顶端周围的分生组织细胞逐渐分化出花芽的各部分 ,但顶芽最后并没有发育成为完整的花 ,所有细胞就都发生PCD ,从而顶芽衰老     

Programmed cell death during terminal bud senescence in a sympodial branching tree, Eucommia ulmoides

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. is a typical sympodial branching tree. The apical bud of the branch ages and dies every year, replaced by the nearby axillary bud in the second year. Structural assays and a series of biochemical analyses were performed to analyze the senescence mechanism in the apical bud. It was revealed that most cells of the apical bud underwent the programmed cell death (PCD) during the senescence: the chromosomes were congregated and the nuclear contents were condensed, as shown by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence. DNA fragmentation was detected during senescence using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end in situ labeling (TUNEL) method, coincident with the appearance of a DNA ladder. Moreover, a 20 kD DNase related to fragmentation was found. PCD was initiated first in the young leaves, leaf primordia and peripheral zone cells, then in the central mother cells and initial layer cells in the apical meristem. The terminal buds remain in vegetative growth during senescence, in contrast to buds of many annual plants.