南海深海塑料垃圾污染

 渔业捕捞及商业航运活动的塑料排放是南海深海塑料污染的主要来源。南海深海微塑料污染始于20世纪80年代，具有明显陆源输入的特征，陆架近岸区域微塑料污染严重。陆坡深海峡谷是塑料/微塑料向深海盆地输运的主要通道，近底浊流在输运中发挥了重要作用。综述了南海海底塑料垃圾深潜研究的最新进展，首次提出了深海塑料垃圾生态系统的概念。     

深海风暴的原位观测

 深海风暴是高悬浮颗粒浓度水体在深海近海底的快速运动,能够损坏甚至摧毁一切障碍物,改变海底地形,影响深海底栖生态环境,但对其发生过程和沉积记录的认识尚缺乏原位观测研究。选择南海东北部台湾岸外高屏海底峡谷堤岸,通过布放锚系原位观测了2016年9月一次由浊流活动引发深海风暴的沉积物弥散发生过程,发现其表现为近海底悬浮颗粒浓度快速增加,并伴随温度升高和盐度降低。研究认为,深海风暴的沉积物弥散是海底峡谷沉积纹层形成的主要动力过程。     

南海北部陆坡地形特征及其影响因素研究

南海北部陆坡位于南海北部大陆边缘,地质构造活动丰富,是大陆和深海进行物质和能量交换的重要过渡区。研究北部陆坡区复杂的地形地貌,有助于深化对南海北部陆缘海底地质活动与环境变化的认识,并为资源勘探与工程建设提供基础地质信息支撑。本研究基于全球水深地形图（General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans,GEBCO）数据及实测多波束数据,对南海北部陆坡的地形地貌进行研究,识别出不同的地貌类型,并探讨其形成和发展的控制因素。研究表明,南海北部陆坡发育有海台、海山、海丘、海槽、海底峡谷以及冷泉地貌类型。南海北部陆坡地形地貌的发育和演化主要受控于构造活动及火山活动,而外动力地质作用如沉积输运、海平面变化及甲烷流体的活动等,都对研究区的地形地貌做了进一步的改造,使之更加复杂。     

南海海底特征、资源区位与疆界断续线

根据南海海底的成因与地形特征 ,并通过建立和分析南海海底数字地形模型 ,将南海的海底分为中央的深海盆地、两侧的阶梯状大陆坡、以及周边亚洲大陆延伸的大陆架 3个地貌单元 .再据 194 7年“南海诸岛位置图”精确计算出二战后依据波茨坦公告为国际认可的断续线疆界的经纬度坐标 ,阐述了中国对南海主权的历史延续性 .最后 ,论述了南海区位与资源的优势 ,论证了其海域具体位置与巨大的经济政治战略意义 .     

应力事件与浊流沉积的时空关系

地球系统科学针对不同的地质、构造、生物和气候现象开展综合研究,分析其内在机理的联系.结合当前国际地学前缘的发展态势,认为应力场和浊流沉积的综合研究将在揭示灾难性地质现象的控制机理、阐明油气资源的成因与分布的同时,为探讨地壳构造变化提供区域性指标.这些指标不仅指示地壳活动的阶段性,还将有助于恢复地幔-地壳-地貌-水流的系统演化历史.特别是深海浊流沉积的综合研究,可望成为“走向深海大洋”、开展深海地学综合研究的另一突破口.     

廉州湾海底及周边地貌特征

根据地貌成因形态分类原则,把廉州湾海底及周边地貌分为三类:即陆地地貌,岸滩地貌和海底地貌。并论述了侵蚀剥蚀残丘、洪积一冲积平原、冲积洪积平原、海积平原、沙坝—泻湖、海蚀崖、海蚀平台、水下三角洲、潮流冲刷槽和古滨海平原等地貌单元的形态、特征及其展布规模。阐述了沉积物粒度、碎屑置矿物、微体古生物在各种地貌单元的分布特征。     

廉州湾海底及周边地貌特征

根据地貌成因形态分类原则,把廉州湾海底及周边地貌分为三类:即陆地地貌,岸滩地貌和海底地貌。并论述了侵蚀剥蚀残丘、洪积一冲积平原、冲积洪积平原、海积平原、沙坝-泻湖、海蚀崖、海蚀平台、水下三角洲、潮流冲刷槽和古滨海平原等地貌单元的形态、特征及其展布规模。阐述了沉积物粒度、碎屑置矿物、微体古生物在各种地貌单元的分布特征。     

基于深海作业设备C3D-SBP的升级改造与工程应用

该文针对深海海底管缆搜索定位及海底地层地貌勘探任务需求,对已有C3D-SBP拖鱼系统进行升级改造,分别对该设备通信硬件、供电线路、连接电缆、软件源代码、USBL、测线进行改装设计.为配合该升级设备在工程中的应用,分别对作业过程中的原始数据资料判断提取技术、原始数据处理与分析技术、释放与回收技术进行相应调整改进.最终形成了一整套适用于深海海底管缆调查和地层地貌综合调查的应用系统升级改造方案.实际工程应用证明该改造方案可行,并带来直接经济效益和间接经济效益,为同类设备的升级改造与应用推广提供了参考,拓展了深海海底管缆和地层地貌调查的技术手段.     

喀斯特峡谷景观资源的旅游评价

喀斯特峡谷是一个物质能量作用的地貌系统 ,在 3种地质营力———侵蚀、溶蚀及崩塌联合作用下形成 ,由于其地表、地下形态结构复杂、类型多样 ,且在不同的演化阶段 ,有不同的地貌景观 ,并能集山、水、石、景于一处 ,构成高品位的旅游资源而具有重要的开发价值。文章即从喀斯特峡谷形成发育入手 ,以我国南方典型喀斯特峡谷为例 ,评价了其风景资源特性及旅游价值     

西南太平洋新喀里多尼亚洛亚蒂盆地的现代沉积作用

洛亚蒂盆地沉积物是棕黄色软泥和生物碎屑砂。它们有5个来源:新喀里多尼亚、堤礁、深海生物群落、浮游生物群体和火山碎屑。沉积物由浊流和半深海沉积物的互层组成,可以通过粒度分析,矿物成分和生物碎屑的分析将两者加以区分。通过对蒂奥和利富之间的岩心的研究,认识到在蒂奥水道对面,分布着一个展布广阔,但幅度很小、延伸50Km的海底扇。     

Flushing submarine canyons

The continental slope is a steep, narrow fringe separating the coastal zone from the deep ocean. During low sea-level stands, slides and dense, sediment-laden flows erode the outer continental shelf and the continental slope, leading to the formation of submarine canyons that funnel large volumes of sediment and organic matter from shallow regions to the deep ocean(1). During high sea-level stands, such as at present, these canyons still experience occasional sediment gravity flows(2-5), which are usually thought to be triggered by sediment failure or river flooding. Here we present observations from a submarine canyon on the Gulf of Lions margin, in the northwest Mediterranean Sea, that demonstrate that these flows can also be triggered by dense shelf water cascading (DSWC)-a type of current that is driven solely by seawater density contrast. Our results show that DSWC can transport large amounts of water and sediment, reshape submarine canyon floors and rapidly affect the deep-sea environment. This cascading is seasonal, resulting from the formation of dense water by cooling and/or evaporation, and occurs on both high- and low-latitude continental margins(6-8). DSWC may therefore transport large amounts of sediment and organic matter to the deep ocean. Furthermore, changes in the frequency and intensity of DSWC driven by future climate change may have a significant impact on the supply of organic matter to deep-sea ecosystems and on the amount of carbon stored on continental margins and in ocean basins.     

Deep crustal structure of Baiyun Sag,northern South China Sea revealed from deep seismic reflection profile

This paper discusses deep crustal architecture of the Baiyun Sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea based on velocity analysis, time-depth conversion and seismic interpretation of the deep seismic reflection profile DSRP-2002. The profile was acquired and processed to 14 S TWT by the China National Offshore Oil Corp. (CNOOC) in 2002. It extends across the Baiyun Sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, from the northern continental shelf of the SCS to the deepwater province. As the first deep seismic reflection profile in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, this profile reveals seismic phases from basement down to upper most mantle. The Moho surface appears in the profile as an undulating layer of varying thickness of 1-3 km. It is not a single reflector interface, but a velocity gradient or interconversion layer. The crust thins stepwisely from the shelf to the continental slope and the abyssal plain (from north to south), and also thins under depocenters. The crustal thickness is only 7 km in the depocenter of the main Baiyun Sag, which corresponds to a Moho upwelling mirroring the basement topography. In the lower slope and the ocean-continental transition zone of the southernmost portion of the profile, three sub-parallel, NW-dipping strong reflectors found at depths around 10--21 km are interpreted as indications of a subducted Mesozoic oceanic crust. Crustal faults exist in the northern and southern boundaries of the Baiyun Sag. The intense and persistent subsidence of the Baiyun Sag might be related to the long-term activity of the crustal faults.     

四川城镇的地貌分类与灾害

对四川省的城镇进行了地貌分类,划分为平原型城镇、丘陵型城镇、山谷型城镇、高原型城镇等,并讨论了它们的特点.还分析了城镇地貌与灾害的关系;平原城镇的主要灾害是洪涝与沉陷;沿江城镇拔河高度低,易受洪水灾害;峡谷口的城镇洪灾严重;山区城镇多滑坡、泥石流;城镇建设时不合理改变地貌,会引起灾害.     

Depositional architecture and developing settings of large-scale incised valley and submarine gravity flow systems in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, South China Sea

In the Ying-Qiong basins in the South China Sea developed a set of giant inner shelf slope and submarine gravity flow deposits in the Ying-Huang formations since the Late Miocene. These deposits can be classified into 9 sequences in which slope slump-debris flow, slope fan and particularly, the large-scale axial basin-floor incised valley fills have been recognized. They were distributed in a distinctive pattern attributed to tectonic control. The development of shelf slopes and abyssal plains in the basins was related to the last episode of rapid subsidence and a large amount of sediment inputs. Large-scale basin-floor incised valleys, formed during the late Miocene and Pliocene, indicate several major sea level falls that occurred in the South China Sea.     

Fractal Characteristics of Gravity Landform and Its SOC Mechanism

From the principle of self-organized criticality （SOC）, this work presents our current understanding of the relationship between the morphology and the dynamics of the evolution of landforms. First, we validate the assumption： Erosional slopes may be treated as SOC systems. Thus Sand-pile models will reflect the universal process of energy dissipation within the slope accumulation under the self-organizing actions. And the scale and frequency of deposit landforms will be related by Fractal structure. Then, by analyzing the field data, such as landslides, rockfalls and debris flow fans, in three typical areas, the power law for the magnitude-frequency seems very robust. Furthermore, some problems in application are discussed.     

缓倾角层状岩体边坡链式演化规律

砂岩-泥岩及灰岩-泥岩等软硬相间的缓倾角层状岩体边坡呈现多台阶倒梯形特征.运用地貌学方法揭示了缓倾角层状岩体边坡链式演化规律,包括危岩块从坡脚向坡顶逐渐形成、崩落演化的微观链和从边坡临空面逐渐向山体内部阶段性后退的宏观链,可分为仅有一个宏观链的简单模式和多个宏观链同时存在的复合嵌套模式.泥岩和砂岩、灰岩等软硬岩石之间的差异风化孕发了陡崖底部的岩腔,内部泥岩的应力风化加速了岩腔发育.岩腔是链式演化规律的源动力,将边坡链式演化机制分为岩腔形成机制、基座压裂破坏机制和危岩坠落机制.基于极限平衡理论建立了第一个微观链危岩体后部主控结构面顶端开裂与岩腔深度之间的量化关系.     

Progress of regional oceanography study associated with western boundary current in the South China Sea

Recent progress of physical oceanography in the South China Sea (SCS) associated with the western boundary current (WBC) and eddies is reviewed in this paper. It includes Argo observations of the WBC, eddy detection in the WBC based on satellite images, cross-continental shelf exchange in the WBC, eddy-current interaction, interannual variability of the WBC, air-sea interaction, the SCS throughflow (SCSTF), among others. The WBC in the SCS is strong, and its structure, variability and dynamic processes on seasonal and interannual time scales are yet to be fully understood. In this paper, we summarize progresses on the variability of the WBC, eddy-current interaction, air-sea interaction, and the SCSTF achieved in the past few years. Firstly, using the drifting buoy observations, we point out that the WBC becomes stronger and narrower after it reaches the central Vietnam coast. The possible mechanisms influencing the ocean circulation in the northern SCS are discussed, and the dynamic mechanisms that induce the countercurrent in the region of northern branch of WBC in winter are also studied quantitatively using momentum balance. The geostropic component of the WBC was diagnosed using the ship observation along 18°N, and we found that the WBC changed significantly on interannual time scale. Secondly, using the ship observations, two anti-cyclonic eddies in the winter of 2003/2004 in the northern SCS, and three anti-cyclonic eddies in the summer of 2007 along 18°N were studied. The results show that the two anti-cyclonic eddies can propagate southwestward along the continental shelf at the speed of first Rossby wave (～0.1 ms-1 ) in winter, and the interaction between the three anti-cyclonic eddies in summer and the WBC in the SCS is preliminarily revealed. Eddies on the continental shelf of northern SCS propagated southeastward with a maximum speed of 0.09 ms-1 , and those to the east of Vietnam coast had the largest kinetic energy, both of which imply strong interaction between eddy activity and WBC in the SCS. Thirdly, strong intraseasonal variability (ISV) of sea surface temperature (SST) near the WBC regions was found, and the ISV signal of SST in winter weakens the ISV signal of latent heat flux by 20%. Fourthly, the long-term change of SCSTF volume transport and its connection with the ocean circulation in the Pacific were discussed.     

南海成因：岩石圈破裂与俯冲带相互作用新认识

 南海深部计划与国际大洋钻探航次取得了一系列创新进展与重大突破：1）发现南海陆缘岩石圈减薄之初未出现地幔蛇纹岩出露，且岩浆迅速出现；2）新提出南海不是“小大西洋”，而是“板缘张裂”盆地，与经典的大西洋型“板内张裂”陆缘模式不同；3）揭示南海受到俯冲带的强烈控制，提出俯冲诱发地幔上涌并影响南海岩浆活动。